Numerical simulation of tropical cyclones by an axisymmetric nonhydrostatic model

Summary As an approach to study the mesoscale processes within a typhoon, an axisymmetric nonhydrostatic numerical model is developed without the use of convective parameterization. Many simulated characteristics are consistent with radar and aircraft observations, such as the maximum of vertical and tangential wind, the inflow concentrated near the surface, the outward slope of the eyewall updraft, etc. The model duplicates not only the outward propagation of mesoscale convective systems, but also the inward movement of convective rings, the rate of which coincides with the observation. Besides, the model gives good simulations of the life cycle of convective rings, and indicates that the convective rings far from the eyewall play important roles in the fluctuation of typhoon intensity. Numerical results also exhibit the existence of coupling between outer and inner core structure.Analyses of the simulations show that convective momentum transport generates local maximum absolute angular momentum in the middle and upper troposphere. The momentum anomaly results in symmetric instability, which provides the environment to form convective rings. While the momentum anomaly moves outward with the outflow in the middle and upper troposphere, it initiates a series of convective rings with aid of other direct factors, which explains the outward propagation of convective systems.The simulations exhibit the life cycle of a typical convective ring in terms of three stages, or the developing, mature and dissipating stage. Analysis shows that the symmetric instability and the convective instability promote each other, and their cooperation makes the life of convective rings longer.With 8 Figures     

福建省兴化湾、九龙江河口和东山湾潮间带沉积物岩心碘研究

用碱熔法处理样品,水沥取,用分光光度法测量了采集自福建省兴化湾、九龙江河口和东山湾3个海湾潮间带沉积物岩心的碘分布。兴化湾、九龙江河口和东山湾3岩心中的碘含量分别为2.5~43.7,17.3~39.6和11.3~29.1 mg/kg。3个沉积物岩心中的碘含量稍高于福建省的土壤的碘含量,与我国海域的沉积物碘含量在同一水平,但明显低于文献报道的开阔海域沉积物的碘含量。兴化湾和东山湾沉积物中的碘与有机碳含量有较好的相关性;在九龙江河口采集的岩心中的碘与有机物碳含量的相关性较差。推测海洋源的沉积物碘与有机碳含量相关性较好,而陆源沉积物的碘与有机碳含量相关性较差。     

Growth performance of the clam, Meretrix meretrix, breedingselection populations cultured in different conditions

A breeding-selection program for the clam,Meretrix meretrix,was conducted since 2004.Two of the selection populations were generated with the shell color pattern as an additional selection criterion and named as SP(purple stripes)population and SB(black dots)population.The third-generation SP and SB populations(08G3SP and 08G3SB,respectively)were cultured at two commercial clam farms and a nursery pond and their shell lengths were compared.08G3SB clams had significantly larger sizes than 08G3SP clams at commercial clam farms(p<0.05),yet 08G3SB individuals were significantly smaller than 08G3SP individuals at the nursery pond(p<0.05).Then,we examined the growth of the fourth-generation SP and SB populations(10G4SP and 10G4SB,respectively)at a commercial farm,and found that the shell lengths of the 10G4SB clams increased at a significantly higher growth rate than the 10G4SP clams(p<0.05)from May to September,when the water temperature was between 24.2–27.5 C,while 10G4SB lost the growth advantage in the other months.These results indicated that SP and SB populations responded differently to environmental factors,so it is beneficial for the clam farmers to select a suitable population according to the culture environment.Furthermore,a diallel mating of the SB and SP populations was designed to investigate whether their hybrid population would show heterosis.However,the heterosis was not shown in this study,which might result from the slight genetic divergence between SB and SP populations.     

因子分析在海河流域石油类污染综合评价中的应用(英文)

基于因子分析对2012~2013年海河流域pH、DO、COD、BOD5、氨态氮和总石油烃等6项水质指标的监测数据进行统计,并对其中四项指标进行水污染综合指数评估,旨在对海河水质进行较为系统的评价。结果显示,BJ1和HB2两个站位水质属于Ⅳ类标准,其余各站位均为Ⅴ类;各站位综合评价结果得到海河流域指数为1.44,说明海河流域处于污染状态,其污染程度超过该流域功能区的标准。因子分析发现,COD、DO和NH3-N之间差异显著(P0.05);主成分分析显示,除pH和BOD5外,其余指标都在0.70以上;COD、DO、NH3-N和TPH的贡献率较高,其中总石油烃的贡献率为100%,因此可以认为该海域的污染类型属于有机污染,且石油烃污染较为突出。     

Fluid—Structure Interaction of Two-Phase Flow Passing Through 90° Pipe Bend Under Slug Pattern Conditions

China Ocean Engineering - Numerical simulations of evolution characteristics of slug flow across a 90° pipe bend have been carried out to study the fluid—structure interaction response...     

养殖贝类碳汇价格核算研究

养殖贝类是最有效的生物固碳方式之一,其碳汇功能作为海洋生态系统功能的一部分,兼具生态和经济属性,碳汇价格的核算可为海水贝类养殖产业补贴提供数据参考,提高碳汇养殖产业的生产积极性,对海洋GEP核算等提供一定借鉴。目前碳汇价格研究较为缺乏,碳汇价格受限于碳汇计量方法的不完善,因此文章基于碳储量变化原理,对养殖环境中的养殖贝类固碳基础公式进行改进,补充了附着贝类固碳与生物沉积物固碳两个计算参数,以此为切入点选取并改进海洋牧场碳汇定价方法,以东方云溪海洋牧场作为研究区进行案例计算,结果为：海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝与褶牡蛎的碳汇价格分别为165元/t、185元/t和272元/t;使用改进后的碳汇计量方法得到的养殖贝类单位个体固碳量较高,其中生物沉积固碳对提高单位个体固碳量的作用最为突出,约占贝类自身固碳的91%,主要与养殖海域的水文条件有关;较高的固碳量形成了较低的碳汇价格,固碳量与成本收益因素共同影响养殖贝类的碳汇价格;长远来看,碳汇价格会随着固碳计量的愈加完善而降低。     

Time-Dependent Tsunami Source Following the 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Eruption Inferred from Nearby Tsunami Recordings

The eruption of the Anak Krakatau volcano,Indonesia,on 22 December 2018 induced a destructive tsunami(the Sunda Strait tsunami),which was recorded by four nearby tidal gauges.In this study we invert the tsunami records and recover the tsunami generation process.Two tsunami sources are obtained,a static one of instant initial water elevation and a time-dependent one accounting for the continuous evolution of water height.The time-dependent results are found to reproduce the tsunami recordings more satisfactorily.The complete tsunami generation process lasts approximately 9 min and features a two-stage evolution with similar intensity.Each stage lasts about 3.5 min and elevates a water volume of about 0.13 km3.The time,duration and volume of the volcano eruption in general agree with seismic records and geomorphological interpretations.We also test different sizes of the potential source region,which lead to different maximum wave height in the source area,but all the results of time-dependent tsunami sources show the robust feature of two stages of wave generation.Our results imply a time-dependent and complex process of tsunami generation during the volcano eruption.     

响应面法优化热泵-热风联合干燥小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)的节能参数

为了减少小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)干燥过程的能耗, 在前期实验的基础上, 采用响应面分析法, 以单位能耗除湿值(SMER)和挥发性盐基总氮值(T-VBN)两者的综合指标Y为最终评价指标, 对热泵干燥阶段的温度A、分阶段干燥的转换点含水率B、后期热风干燥阶段的温度C三个条件进行优化, 模拟得到回归方程的预估模型。结果表明, 小黄鱼联合干燥的最优条件为热泵干燥温度A=50℃、转换点含水率B=32.62%和热风干燥温度C=44.01℃, 在此条件下比较热泵干燥(HPD)、热泵-热风联合干燥(HPD+AD)、热风干燥(AD)三种干燥方式下的样品品质和耗能, 联合干燥得到的小黄鱼干品质高于热风干燥, 而且干燥能耗降低了34.8%。     

Integrating Uncertainty Theories with GIS for Modeling Coastal Hazards of Climate Change

Prediction of coastal hazards due to climate change is fraught with uncertainty that stems from complexity of coastal systems, estimation of sea level rise, and limitation of available data. In-depth research on coastal modeling is hampered by lack of techniques for handling uncertainty, and the available commercial geographical information systems (GIS) packages have only limited capability of handling uncertain information. Therefore, integrating uncertainty theory with GIS is of practical and theoretical significance. This article presents a GIS-based model that integrates an existing predictive model using a differential approach, random simulation, and fuzzy set theory for predicting geomorphic hazards subject to uncertainty. Coastal hazard is modeled as the combined effects of sea-level induced recession and storm erosion, using grid modeling techniques. The method is described with a case study of Fingal Bay Beach, SE Australia, for which predicted responses to an IPCC standard sea-level rise of 0.86 m and superimposed storm erosion averaged 12 m and 90 m, respectively, with analysis of uncertainty yielding maximum of 52 m and 120 m, respectively. Paradoxically, output uncertainty reduces slightly with simulated increase in random error in the digital elevation model (DEM). This trend implies that the magnitude of modeled uncertainty is not necessarily increased with the uncertainties in the input parameters. Built as a generic tool, the model can be used not only to predict different scenarios of coastal hazard under uncertainties for coastal management, but is also applicable to other fields that involve predictive modeling under uncertainty.     

二阶全非线性Boussinesq方程的二维数值模拟研究

在非交错网格下采用有限差分法首次对一组非线性精确至O(μ2)阶的全非线性Boussinesq方程数学模型进行了二维数值模拟分析.首先通过在方程的非线性项中引入缓坡假定,考察了其对模型数值精度的影响;其次,在模型中对二阶非线性项采用不同精度,考察了其对模型数值结果的影响.数值模拟结果表明,所建立的二阶完全非线性Boussinesq方程二维数值模型具有良好的适用性,模型非线性项中引入缓坡假定以及在二阶非线性项选用不同的精度对数值模拟结果影响不明显.