Numerical modeling of geothermal groundwater flow in karst aquifer system in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China

The quantitative assessment of geothermal water resources is important to the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. In the geothermal water systems the density of groundwater changes with the temperature, therefore the variations in hydraulic heads and temperatures are very complicated. A three-dimensional density-dependent model coupling the groundwater flow and heat transport is established and used to simulate the geothermal water flow in the karst aquifers in eastern Weibei, Shaanxi Province, China. The multilayered karst aquifer system in the study area is cut by some major faults which control the regional groundwater flow. In order to calibrate and simulate the effect of the major faults, each fault is discretized as a belt of elements with special hydrological parameters in the numerical model. The groundwater dating data are used to be integrated with the groundwater flow pattern and calibrate the model. Simulation results show that the calculated hydraulic heads and temperature fit with the observed data well.     

A numerical case study of the passage of a cold surge across Taiwan

Summary A numerical study of a cold surge that occurred from 19–23 December 2001 was conducted to better understand the cold surge characteristics over the Taiwan area. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) nested Mesoscale Spectral Model (MSM) was used for this study. Simulation results demonstrated that the nested NCEP MSM captured salient features of the selected cold surge case. We demonstrated that the local minimum center of the time change of virtual potential temperature (dVPT) can serve as the location of severe weather of the cold surge for all Taiwan regions. Furthermore, thermodynamic equation analyses revealed that the leading edge of the cold surge was maintained primarily by meridian thermal advection, while diabatic heating, vertical and zonal thermal advections were less important. The cold surge flows were blocked and lifted by the Central Mountain Range (CMR) on its windward side, which increased the cold surge’s vertical extent upward and increased northwestward tilting in the vertical structure. The flow eventually ascended, switched direction toward Taiwan, and descended over its northwestern and eastern coasts. The physical and circulatory characteristics of the cold surge differed noticeably on both sides of Taiwan. The cold surge’s leading edge over the Taiwan Strait was northeast-southwest oriented and had evident wind shear; on the east side of the island, it was stronger in intensity and faster-moving than its counterpart on the west side. Sensitivity experiments revealed that the CMR’s trapping of cold surge flows on its windward side affected cold surge leading edge characteristics in the following five ways: (1) weakening its intensity over the ocean but enhancing it inland, (2) decreasing its southward speed, especially over the western low plains region, but increasing its movement on the east coast, (3) increasing its vertical altitude and narrowing the horizontal extent of its vertical tilting, (4) altering its upper vertical circulatory structure, and (5) trapping a V-shape density current and enhancing its intensity in connection with the land-sea contrast.     

福州市新一轮土地利用总体规划修编研究

本文在综合评价福州市上一轮土地利用总体规划的基础上，指出上一轮土地利用总体规划存在的不足，并结合国家目前的宏观政策和福州市发展的迫切需要，提出新一轮规划修编的基本构想，以更好地发挥规划对福州市社会经济持续健康发展的促进作用。     

广西近50年暴雨日数变化的小波分析

利用1951—2005年广西降水资料,使用Morlet小波分析方法分析了暴雨和大暴雨日数的年际变化,结果表明均具有明显的周期变化规律特征,都存在着2、4、8、14年周期振荡信号,其中2年周期振荡信号最强,其次为4,8,14年,各周期信号分布的时间区域略有差异。广西暴雨日数变化总趋势为逐渐增多,在1990年代进入高峰期。影响广西暴雨发生的主要天气系统为热带气旋、西南低涡、低空急流、高空槽,其中热带气旋、西南低涡是广西特大暴雨发生的主要原因。     

黏土型锂矿床勘查开发过程中的瓶颈问题和若干思考

锂作为国家战略性关键紧缺矿产资源,随着现代科技的不断进步,需求量会不断增加。寻找更多的锂矿资源,降低进口依赖度,保障国家资源安全,已是迫在眉睫。黏土型锂矿床作为锂矿的重要类型之一,因分布面积广,资源潜力巨大,越来越受到关注,或可成为锂矿资源的重要补充,既是今后矿产资源勘查的重要方向之一,也是破解锂矿资源紧缺局面的重要途径。黏土型锂矿床已取得不少进展,但也存在一些问题,一定程度上制约了对黏土型锂矿床勘查与开发。通过文献查阅、政府和企业官网的情报收集,结合自身锂矿勘查实践,发现影响和制约黏土型锂矿床勘查与开发的主要问题有五个：一是对黏土型锂矿床资源潜力认识不充分,前景不看好,未给予足够重视;二是缺乏指导勘查工作的规范性依据;三是矿产资源管理与矿业权管理中的不利因素导致勘查力度不足;四是勘查研究过程对于矿石选冶加工技术性能重视程度不够,工艺流程尚不成熟。特别是经济合理、环境友好型的分离提取技术和工艺流程尚在探索阶段;五是可供勘查评价与找矿预测的超常富集成因机制与找矿模型的基础研究尚不深入。针对以上5个问题,提出5个方面的思考与建议,以期加快黏土型锂矿床的勘查开发步伐,可望缓解锂矿资源紧缺和供需矛盾紧张现状。① 呼吁地勘行业重视黏土型锂矿床,将黏土型锂矿床按独立的新矿种类型对待。在充分利用煤、铝等勘查老资料进行二次开发的基础上,对异常区进行验证性调查,圈定可供勘查的找矿有利区段或找矿靶区,为黏土型锂矿勘查部署提供依据;② 通过选择有代表性的区块开展勘查开发试验研究和工程示范,尽快研究出台黏土型锂矿床勘查规范,为今后规范黏土型锂矿勘查工作提供作业依据;③ 从矿权现行管理制度出发,按照“公益先行,基金衔接,商业跟进,整装勘查,快速突破”二十字方针,一方面建议国家和地方政府设置专门的地勘基金,加大地勘基金财政投入,形成一批可供进一步勘查的矿产地,一方面建议矿产资源管理部门释放更多的勘查空间,引入更多社会资本,充分调动勘查市场的活力,为国家提供强有力的资源保障;④ 建议加大锂元素不同赋存状态及其不同占比情形下的分离提取试验投入,尽快形成技术可靠、经济合理、环境友好的工艺流程;⑤ 在梳理并聚焦制约勘查评价、开发利用及找矿预测工作的相关科技问题,通过科技攻关,为锂矿勘查开发提供强有力的科技支撑。通过上述主要瓶颈问题的有效解决,以期实现锂矿资源的重大找矿突破,形成一批可供工业规模开发的黏土型锂矿资源基地,继而从根本上解决锂矿资源紧缺现状和高度依赖进口的局面。     

Occurrence of phthalate esters around the major plastic industrial area in southern Taiwan

The increasing usage and disposal of plastic products could cause the wide distribution of phthalate esters (PAEs) in various environmental media. In this study, six PAE compounds, namely dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate, were analyzed in various samples collected from the major plastic industrial area of southern Taiwan, including soil, fertilizer and plastic products, for the purposes of identifying of the possible sources of PAEs and assessing the related health risk. The results show that PAEs in soil samples was dominated by DEHP, with the total concentrations in the range of 0.7?±?0.5, 0.2?±?0.1, and 0.3?±?0.2 mg kg^?1 for soil samples from farmland, household back gardens and the roadside, respectively. Contents of PAEs in chemical fertilizer (ND—0 0.87 mg kg^?1) were higher than that in organic fertilizer (ND—0.08 mg kg^?1), and PAEs concentrations (ND—316 mg kg^?1) in plastic mulching films were much less than those in the other types of plastic products (ND—1719 mg kg^?1), implying that major sources of PAEs in agricultural soil could be the use of chemical fertilizer and plastic products other than plastic mulching films. Health risk assessment suggested that, via the exposure to PAEs in soil, the potential non-cancer and carcinogenic risks for adults and children are minimal in most cases, except that a “moderate” carcinogenic risk for children exposure to DEHP. The results of this study can serve as a reference for further pollution prevention and environmental protection plans in relation to the industrial operation and discharge as well as the farming practices.     

Debris flow hazard assessment at Dongmatun Village in Laomao mountainous area of Dalian,Northeast China

After a heavy and continuous rainfall from July 27 to 28, 1981, geological disasters involving large debris flow affected the northern part of Wafangdian City and Pulandian City in Dalian, northeast China, and caused considerable loss of life and property. In recent years, precipitation has continued to increase significantly in Dalian, where the largest debris flow gully, named the Dongmatuncun main ditch, is situated. The Dongmatuncun main ditch is 2 km away from the north side of the right bank of the Fudu River in Wanjialing, Wafangdian City. The geomorphological and hydrological conditions, combined with the characteristics of the debris flow solid source, are conducive to debris flow development. Moreover, with an increase in rainfall, debris flow recurrence becomes increasingly likely. We study the debris flow gully in Dongmatun Village by analyzing the formation conditions through field survey. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytic hierarchy process are used to evaluate the risk of debris flow. Results indicate that the debris flow gully in Dongmatun Village is highly dangerous and debris flow occurs during heavy rainfall. In addition, the breakout of debris flow can threaten human life and property.     

Climatic effects of air pollutants over china: A review

Tropospheric ozone(O3) and aerosols are major air pollutants in the atmosphere. They have also made significant contributions to radiative forcing of climate since preindustrial times. With its rapid economic development, concentrations of air pollutants are relatively high in China; hence, quantifying the role of air pollutants in China in regional climate change is especially important. This review summarizes existing knowledge with regard to impacts of air pollutants on climate change in China and defines critical gaps needed to reduce the associated uncertainties. Measured monthly, seasonal, and annual mean surface-layer concentrations of O3 and aerosols over China are compiled in this work, with the aim to show the magnitude of concentrations of O3 and aerosols over China and to provide datasets for evaluation of model results in future studies. Ground-based and satellite measurements of O3 column burden and aerosol optical properties, as well as model estimates of radiative forcing by tropospheric O3 and aerosols are summarized. We also review regional and global modeling studies that have investigated climate change driven by tropospheric O3and/or aerosols in China; the predicted sign and magnitude of the responses in temperature and precipitation to O3/aerosol forcings are presented. Based on this review, key priorities for future research on the climatic effects of air pollutants in China are highlighted.