两次副高边缘特大暴雨对比分析

利用常规资料、地面加密自动观测资料、NCEP/NCAR的1°×1°每6h再分析资料及多普勒雷达资料,对2011年6月16日（简称6.16过程）及2008年7月31日（简称7.31过程）发生在粤东南两次副高边缘特大暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明：6.16过程主要是受高空短波槽和偏南风急流共同影响而产生的,较厚的暖云层、深厚的湿层等使该过程降水范围更广;7.31过程主要是受对流中层扰动诱发产生的,为局地性强降水。雷达回波均表现为强的反射率因子,回波发展迅速且移动缓慢;6.16过程回波图上出现有界弱回波区（BWER）等超级单体风暴特征。     

7月份降雨分布型的预报方法

综述了我国７月份雨型的划分方法，各种雨型的多雨特点及环流特征，总结了各类雨型的预报判据，着眼于赤道东太平洋海温（ＳＳＴ），冬季（１－３月）５００ｈＰａ环流，春季（３－５月）西太平洋副热带高压，夏季（６－８月）赤道平流层纬向风准两年振荡（ＱＢＯ）等方面，分析了与７月雨型的关联。该方法对业务预报有很好的指导意义。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000113

<正>Against the current background of global climate change,the study of variations in the soil carbon pool and its controlling factors may aid in the evaluation of soil's role in the mitigation or enhancement of greenhouse gas.This paper studies spatial and temporal variation in the soil carbon pool and their controlling factors in the southern Song-nen Plain in Heilongjiang Province,using soil data collected over two distinct periods by the Multi-purpose Regional Geochemical Survey in 2005—2007, and another soil survey conducted in 1982—1990.The study area is a carbon source of 1479 t/km~2 and in the past 20 years,from the 1980s until 2005.the practical carbon emission from the soil was 0.12 Gt.Temperature,which has been found to be linearly correlated to soil organic carbon,is the dominant climatologic factor controlling soil organic carbon contents.Our study shows that in the relevant area and time period the potential loss of soil organic carbon caused by rising temperatures was 0.10 Gt,the potential soil carbon emission resulting from land-use change was 0.09 Gt,and the combined potential loss of soil carbon(0.19 Gt) caused by warming and land-use change is comparable to that of fossil fuel combustion(0.21 Gt).Due to the time delay in soil carbon pool variation,there is still 0.07 Gt in the potential emission caused by warming and land-use change that will be gradually released in the future.     

三峡水库香溪河鱼类群落结构特征及历史变化

由于自然和人为因素的影响,三峡水库鱼类资源一直在发生变化,为掌握三峡水库蓄水后典型支流香溪河鱼类群落的现状及历史变化,于2020年7月—2021年4月使用多网目复合刺网和地笼对香溪河鱼类群落进行实地采样,并结合历史数据进行比较分析。研究期间共采集到鱼类55种,隶属于7目14科,鲤科鱼类种类数最多,以杂食性鱼类和湖泊定居性鱼类为主,优势种为贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)、短颌鲚(Coilia bratchygnahus)、似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)和翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus),其相对重要性指数(IRI)分别为5502、3828、2567和1109。鱼类物种多样性指数在春季最高,夏季最低。刺网单位捕捞努力量渔获个体数和单位捕捞努力量渔获量在夏季最高,冬季最低。与三峡水库蓄水前相比,香溪河鱼类中长江上游特有鱼类减少4种,外来鱼类增加3种。湖泊定居性种类持续增加,喜流水性种类减少,鱼类优势种发生较大变动。2020—2021年香溪河鱼类组成与1987年的相似性指数为0.29,与2012—2013年的相似性指数为0.53,反映三峡水库蓄水前后香溪河...     

Modeling of spatial distributions of farmland density and its temporal change using geographically weighted regression model

This study used spatial autoregression（SAR） model and geographically weighted regression（GWR） model to model the spatial patterns of farmland density and its temporal change in Gucheng County,Hubei Province,China in 1999 and 2009,and discussed the difference between global and local spatial autocorrelations in terms of spatial heterogeneity and non-stationarity. Results showed that strong spatial positive correlations existed in the spatial distributions of farmland density,its temporal change and the driving factors,and the coefficients of spatial autocorrelations decreased as the spatial lag distance increased. SAR models revealed the global spatial relations between dependent and independent variables,while the GWR model showed the spatially varying fitting degree and local weighting coefficients of driving factors and farmland indices（i.e.,farmland density and temporal change）. The GWR model has smooth process when constructing the farmland spatial model. The coefficients of GWR model can show the accurate influence degrees of different driving factors on the farmland at different geographical locations. The performance indices of GWR model showed that GWR model produced more accurate simulation results than other models at different times,and the improvement precision of GWR model was obvious. The global and local farmland models used in this study showed different characteristics in the spatial distributions of farmland indices at different scales,which may provide the theoretical basis for farmland protection from the influence of different driving factors.     

河南春季一次云降水过程的宏微观物理特征分析

云降水的宏微观物理特征的观测和研究,有助于建立典型的云降水多尺度结构模型,为确定科学的人工增雨催化方案提供重要依据。借助于雷达、卫星等多种遥感探测手段,结合飞机的云中观测,对2004年3月31日河南云降水观测外场试验区（31.5-35°N,111-114°E）的一次云降水过程实施了综合探测,综合分析了此次云降水过程的宏微观物理特征。此次云降水系统属于比较典型的低槽、冷锋活动所造成的一次小至中雨过程。根据GOES卫星云图和天气图可以看出,沿锋面云系的后部,有一槽线,它对试验区的降水起主要作用,地面冷锋位于云带的前沿。雷达PPI回波显示为一条窄而长的回波带,宽度较窄,强度不大;RHI显示回波高度不高,回波云顶高度平均在5-6km左右,除存在一些20-30dBz的回波团外,回波强度比较均匀,回波中存在明显的0℃层亮带。这次降水为锋上高积云（Ac）和其下部液水较为丰沛的层积云（Sc）结合而成,在Ac云的4340m（-4.8℃）和3670m（0℃）液态水含量出现高值,分别为0.072g/m^3和0.086g/m^3,在Sc云中的0℃附近液态水含量出现高值。降水形成前,云中粒子谱型主要为单峰型,粒子直径大部分在5-10μm之间变化,大粒子浓度很低,不到0.1个/cm^3,且呈不连续分布,随着云中微物理过程的发展和降水的形成,粒子谱型逐渐转为双峰或多峰型,粒子浓度明显增高,粒子直径逐渐增大。     

Petrochronology of oxidized granulites from southern Peru

Sapphirine–quartz granulites from the Cocachacra region of the Arequipa Massif in southern Peru record early Neoproterozoic ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism. Phase equilibrium modelling and zircon petrochronology are used to quantify timing and pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of metamorphism. Modelling of three magnetite‐bearing sapphirine–quartz samples indicates peak temperatures of >950°C at ~0.7 GPa and a clockwise P–T evolution. Elevated concentrations of Al in orthopyroxene are also consistent with ultrahigh‐temperature conditions. Neoblastic zircon records ages of c. 1.0–0.9 Ga that are interpreted to record protracted ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism. Th/U ratios of zircon of up to 100 reflect U‐depleted whole‐rock compositions. Concentrations of heavy rare earth elements in zircon do not show systematic trends with U–Pb age but do correlate with variable whole‐rock compositions. Very large positive Ce anomalies in zircon from two samples probably relate to strongly oxidizing conditions during neoblastic zircon crystallization. Low concentrations of Ti‐in‐zircon (<10 ppm) are interpreted to result from reduced titania activities due to the strongly oxidized nature of the granulites and the sequestration of titanium‐rich minerals away from the reaction volume. Whole‐rock compositions and oxidation state have a strong influence on the trace element composition of metamorphic zircon, which has implications for interpreting the geological significance of ages retrieved from zircon in oxidized metamorphic rocks.     

文登市矿山地质环境治理简析

文登市地处胶东半岛东部,矿产资源种类丰富,全市共发现矿产资源20余种,其中已开发利用的有10种,年产矿石量1000多万吨。近年来,文登市围绕增强综合竞争力和可持续发展能力,加快资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设,不断强化对矿山地质环境的保护和管理。     

一次强龙卷风过程破坏力的估计

估计了 1 975年 6月 7日山东省栖霞县一次强龙卷风的环流参数 :最大风速可达6 2m·s-1,最大平移风速 1 2m·s-1,最大旋转风速 50m·s-1,总压力降为 2 7 5hPa。对龙卷风产生的极强的瞬时荷载、强烈的旋转扭曲、突然压力降及飞射物造成的破坏力进行了估计。     

热带气旋快速加强与海表温度分布统计特征研究

为加强海表温度对热带气旋快速加强影响的认识,利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋最佳路径数据集和欧洲中尺度天气预报中心提供的海温数据,选取1979−2019年期间的西北太平洋热带气旋,统计分析了海温和热带气旋强度快速变化的特征。研究结果表明：（1）约90%的热带气旋快速加强发生在夏季和秋季,分别占快速加强总次数的32.8%和56.4%,绝大部分热带气旋以跨越1个强度等级的快速加强为主,由强热带风暴快速加强到台风和由台风快速加强到强台风是出现次数较多的两种情况。（2）夏季大于28℃,秋季大于27.5℃的海表温度条件有利于热带气旋快速加强,较低强度等级的热带气旋需要更高的海表温度（> 29℃）才易出现快速加强;热带气旋快速移动有利于其中心处海温维持较高状态。（3）海温的时间变率在±0.2℃/(6 h)内,水平空间梯度低于0.4℃/(°)是热带气旋快速加强的有利条件;热带气旋强度越强,越需要平稳的海表温度环境。（4）热带气旋处于强热带风暴及以上级别时,仅利用海表温度条件对其是否发生快速加强的判断准确性较好。这一工作量化了有利于热带气旋加强的海表温度环境,为业务上基于海表温度定量预报热带气旋强度演变提供了一种技术参考。