Bright side? The impacts of Three Gorges Reservoir on local ecological service of soil conservation in southwestern China

Three Gorges Reservoir in China was running since June 2003, and its impacts on soil erosion (SE) and soil conservation (SC) have attracted major public attentions. We quantified the soil conservation service of ecosystems in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) based on a GIS platform using the universal soil loss equation. We revealed the changes of spatial and temporal patterns of soil conservation (SC) and soil erosion (SE) after project construction as well as impact factors on local SE and SC. Results showed that the total amounts and mean capacity of soil conservation services in the TGRA were 15.38-billion t a^?1 and 2134.73 t ha^?1 a^?1, respectively. Northeast reservoir area owned better services than the southwest, and the regions with a capacity of >5000 t ha^?1 a^?1 were primary located in mountain areas. An increasing trend in SC appeared in the TRGA and “with increasing SC” totaled 22690.5 km² (38.9%), while the areas “with decreasing SC” amounted to 3460.4 km² (5.9%) between 2000 and 2010. Moreover, the pattern of changing SC was continuous in this area. The spatial characteristics of soil conservation service in the TGRA were primarily affected by slope, climate and terrain features. In addition, the reforestation and/or forest protection would contribute to soil erosion control in the TGRA. The results revealed a great spatial heterogeneity of soil conservation service in this region, which may provide useful suggestions for land management, soil erosion control and ecosystem protection in the TGRA in China.     

Development and validation of 89 novel expressed sequence tag-derived microsatellite markers in blood clam, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tegillarca granosa</Emphasis>

Blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, is an important shellfish in Chinese mariculture industry. Investigative research in this species, such as genetic linkage mapping, requires a large panel of molecular markers. In present study, a total of 89 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed in T. granosa using the sequence database of Life Sciences Technology 454 next generation sequencing technology. All 89 loci were characterized in 20 individual clams from a natural population inhabiting Yueqing Gulf, Zhejiang Province, China. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus varied between 2 and 15, while the observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content varied between 0.000 and 1.000, 0.102 and 0.921, and 0.048 and 0.886, respectively. Of the 89 loci identified, 32 loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium following Bonferroni correction. Thirty nine markers, which were shown to be polymorphic in a full-sibling family, were tested in Mendelian segregations. As expected, 32 loci were co-dominantly segregated in a Mendelian fashion. These novel developed microsatellite markers represent useful research tools for investigation of population genetic structure and genetic diversity in this species.     

Automatic recognition of loess landforms using Random Forest method

The automatic recognition of landforms is regarded as one of the most important procedures to classify landforms and deepen the understanding on the morphology of the earth. However, landform types are rather complex and gradual changes often occur in these landforms, thus increasing the difficulty in automatically recognizing and classifying landforms. In this study, small-scale watersheds, which are regarded as natural geomorphological elements, were extracted and selected as basic analysis and recognition units based on the data of SRTM DEM. In addition, datasets integrated with terrain derivatives(e.g., average slope gradient, and elevation range) and texture derivatives(e.g., slope gradient contrast and elevation variance) were constructed to quantify the topographical characteristics of watersheds. Finally, Random Forest(RF) method was employed to automatically select features and classify landforms based on their topographical characteristics. The proposed method was applied and validated in seven case areas in the Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau for its complex andgradual changed landforms. Experimental results show that the highest recognition accuracy based on the selected derivations is 92.06%. During the recognition procedure, the contributions of terrain derivations were higher than that of texture derivations within selected derivative datasets. Loess terrace and loess mid-mountain obtained the highest accuracy among the seven typical loess landforms. However, the recognition precision of loess hill, loess hill–ridge, and loess sloping ridge is relatively low. The experiment also shows that watershed-based strategy could achieve better results than object-based strategy, and the method of RF could effectively extract and recognize the feature of landforms.     

Simulation of morphological development of soil cracks in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley region,Southwest China

Soil cracking is an important process influencing water and solutes transport in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley region of Southwest China. Studying the morphological development of soil cracks helps to further reveal the close relationship between the soil cracking process and water movement in such semi-arid regions. Here we report regular changes on surface morphology of soil cracks with decreasing water in four different soils (Typ-Ustic Ferrisols,Ver-Ustic Ferrisols,Tru-Ustic Vertisols and Typ-Ustic Vertiso...     

海潮对厦门台洞体应变观测的干扰特征

通过对比厦门台与内陆台站的地形变资料,并排除多种对厦门台洞体应变资料可能的干扰因素后发现,叠加在该测项固体潮观测记录曲线上的许多毛刺等高频现象是由海潮浪涌运动引起的。和地倾斜仪器受海潮干扰的类型不同,厦门台洞体应变观测受到的海潮干扰属振动型。     

基于ARM9地震电磁信息数据服务器的设计与实现

分析地震电磁信息仪器对信号处理和采集中存在的问题,提出基于ARM9的地震电磁信息数据服务器的解决方案,成功实现了对地震电磁信息的高速采集、海量存储和网络传输。文中介绍地震电磁信息数据服务器设计思路及基本构架,对各个模块给出硬件设计,并介绍系统的软件流程。     

岩土类材料率相关性及硬化-软化特性模型研究

岩土类材料具有显著的率相关性,其应力-应变关系全过程一般表现为硬化-软化特征,研究如何描述这两类特征具有重要的意义。基于岩土类材料的物理变形机制分析,考虑到其结构性特征,采用弹黏塑性本构模型,引入反映材料结构变化的可变结构黏滞系数及其演化方程,并将其嵌入到弹黏塑性本构模型中去,建立能够反映材料结构变化的弹黏塑性本构模型。利用玄武岩常规三轴常应变率试验结果对所建立的模型进行试验验证,结果表明：所建立的弹黏塑本构模型能够完整、合理地描述岩土类材料应力-应变关系全过程以及材料本构关系的率相关性,同时还能够反映材料的峰值强度、残余强度特征。     

海原-六盘山弧型断裂及其附近最新构造变形演化分析

利用两时段GPS速度场,用三维非线性有限元方法研究了海原-六盘山弧型断裂带及其附近最新构造变形演化特征。研究得到：1）海原-六盘山断裂带整体表现为左旋运动,海原断裂带左旋活动速率在(2~5.5) mm/a之间,六盘山断裂左旋活动速率约为1.0 mm/a;2）海原断裂带与六盘山断裂带的交接处目前处于强闭锁状态,亦是运动变形差异相对强烈、应变能积累较快的区段,存在强震孕震背景。     

利用瑞利激光雷达观测北京地区上平流层地形重力波活动

本文利用中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心的瑞利激光雷达首次观测到了平流层地形重力波活动的现象,并结合美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的全球预报系统(GFS)的风场数据分析了该地形重力波的基本参数.与惯性重力波相比较,地形重力波的密度扰动没有下传的相位,在同一高度上,其扰动相位保持不变.北京空间科学与应用研究中心瑞利激光雷达自2012年开始观测实验以来,已经观测到多起地形重力波活动事件.本文以2013年11月11日的观测数据为例,研究北京上空的地形重力波活动,并结合GFS风场数据分析了北京上平流层地形重力波的波长、传播方向、传播速度等参量.通过分析得到在2013年11月11日北京上空存在一列传播方向为北偏西52.4°,水平波长为5.5km,平均垂直波长约为6.0km的地形重力波.