四川省雷波县瓦岗磷矿地质特征及矿床成因分析

四川省雷波县瓦岗磷矿位于川西南磷矿矿集区的南部,矿体赋存于下寒武统麦地坪组第二段,呈层状展布于瓦尼觉背斜两翼,含矿建造为硅质岩-碳酸岩-磷块岩,矿石结构构造为球状、团块状、条带状,文章通过对矿石和围岩地质特征研究,认为矿床形成于海湾潮下低能带的古地理环境,成因主要为富磷生物碎屑沉积聚集而成。     

基于SVD和PCA方法重构干涉格林函数

地震干涉法(SI)是一种用来计算两个信号接收点之间格林函数(GF)的方法,它的基本假设是以其中一个接收点位置为虚拟源,可用来计算两点间震源传播的旅行时间。然而采用直接叠加的方法压制干扰信号,计算得到的干涉格林函数效果不佳,因而计算得到的旅行时间也不够精确。这里基于奇异值分解法(SVD)对叠加前的互相关矩阵进行分解及重构,可以有效压制两点间来自干扰源的信号,再利用主成分分析法(PCA)对固有几何拓扑结构降维特性提取主信号,计算得到新的干涉格林函数。数值模拟及实测数据处理结果表明:使用SVD和PCA综合处理方法,能有效提高干涉格林函数的准确性。     

双线盾构施工时邻近地下管线安全性判别

研究双线盾构隧道施工时邻近地下管线的安全性判别方法。基于Winker弹性地基梁模型,考虑管土效应,建立连续管线应变与地表沉降关系式;假设管线位移与土体位移相同,建立非连续管线接头转角与地表沉降关系式;同时考虑管线老化,定义与时间相关的折减系数,建立一种通过测量地表沉降值即可判断管线安全性的方法。当管线应变或接头转角为安全允许值时,对应的地表沉降即为控制值。施工时,若地表沉降超过该值,则表明管线存在危险。该方法将不易监测的管线状态转化为可见的地表沉降。研究结果表明：预测值与实测值的对比说明了所提方法具有可靠性;双线隧道水平间距L值对地表沉降控制值的影响非常大。当L较小时,最大值出现在两隧道中轴线处;当L较大时,最大值出现在隧道轴线上方附近处;随着L的增大,最大控制值逐渐减小。     

地下综合管廊边界条件对地震动力响应影响数值分析

为研究综合管廊动力边界条件对地震动力响应的影响,以厦门地区的代表性土层为例,建立动力有限元数值模型,土体本构采用小应变硬化模型,分别设定固定边界、黏性边界和自由场3种人工边界条件,进行Rayleigh波和地震底部剪切波作用下的场地响应研究;并根据变形特征及拟绝对加速度反应谱（PSA）评价3种边界的有效性,提出综合管廊地震动力分析的优化动力边界组合方法。研究表明：在地震波（底部水平加速度时程）及Rayleigh波的作用下,由于考虑了黏性边界对外行波的吸收,但未考虑地震动的输入问题及边界外半无限介质的弹性恢复性能,边界会对模型内部土体的水平位移产生限制作用,使得场地内水平位移响应偏小,而采用自由场边界则基本不存在这种限制作用,表现出强烈的振荡;采用激励侧固定边界、远离激励侧黏性边界、其余侧自由场边界的优化组合动力边界,在Rayleigh波和底部加速度时程共同作用下,二者引起的动力响应交叉干扰较少,可按线性叠加处理;同时,黏性边界对地震波引起的动力响应有一定范围的吸收,自由场边界对Rayleigh波引起的动力响应也有一定范围的变形限制影响。研究成果可供地下综合管廊结构地震响应精细化数值模拟及抗震设计参考。     

苏北沿海三市三维地下水流数值模拟

20世纪80年代以来,苏北沿海三市（连云港、盐城和南通）地下水过量开采导致部分地区水位持续大幅下降,引发地面沉降、水质咸化等问题。本文基于研究区大量地质、水文地质资料,以及2005—2013年地下水开采和水位观测数据,经过模型识别、验证,建立了能刻画苏北沿海三市地下水流场演化的三维非均质各向异性地下水流数值模型,模拟了研究区2005—2013年开采量由约2.03亿m³逐渐减少到1.56亿m³条件下深部地下水系统流场（包括第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ承压含水层）的动态演化过程。结果表明,各观测孔的水位实测值与模拟值吻合良好,水位及水均衡模拟结果显示各含水层水位下降得到有效控制,但是该区域地下水仍处于超采状态。为进一步控制水位下降,防治咸水扩散、地面沉降等地质环境灾害,模型预测并比较了现状开采和限制开采2种不同开采方案下2014—2020年苏北沿海三市深层地下水流场的变化趋势。预报结果显示,2种开采方案下,各含水层水位下降速率均减小,尤其是限制开采方案下,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ承压含水层的区域水位平均下降速率依次为0.15、0.16和0.15 m/a,分别比模拟期减小了46.43%、65.21%和48.28%,在开采强度降至最低的条件下储存量变化速率仍为负值,说明需要进一步加强地下水限制开采的力度。     

Erosion mechanism of local scour around cushioned caisson on reinforced ground

The scour behavior of cushioned caisson constructed on reinforced ground, which is used to support superstructure constructed in deep water in seismic zones, was investigated by experimental and numerical methods. Flume tests under nine different flow velocities between 18 and 48?cm/s were performed based on hydraulic similarity design. Complementary numerical simulations were also conducted for the flow velocities ranging from 16 to 46?cm/s. Five typical working modes of the foundation under erosion, namely, ideal working, well working, edge failure, shear failure, and total failure, are analyzed together with their potential impacts on seismic-designed foundation. The critical shear stress, local flow structures, and streamlines were used as the key factors to analyze the change of bed materials and the scour characteristics. Fluid–solid interaction model was built by computational fluid dynamics with sediment transport model, and k–ε turbulent model has been implemented to describe the turbulence in the fluid phase typical of scour process. The mechanisms of two possible failure models for the foundation layer elements were identified, based on which recommendations were provided for scour protection to ensure the integrity and performance of seismic-designed foundations. The integrated computational model and model experiments also demonstrate a framework to understand the local scour mechanism for the cushioned caisson on reinforced ground.     

Application of radar wind profiler data in analyzing the process of torrential rains in Urumqi Xinjiang,China

To deeply understand the micro-/mesoscale dynamic characteristics of the torrential rain process in Urumqi and improve the levels of torrential rain monitoring, forecasting and early warning, this paper analyzed the wind profile features and related scientific problems of three typical torrential rain events seen in 2013–2015 in this region. The research results suggested that: (1) Radar wind profiler can record in detail the movement condition of the atmosphere during the process of torrential rains. Carrying out detailed analyses on the wind profile data is conductive to the improvement in monitoring, forecasting and warning to torrential rain event at a single observation station. (2) When Urumqi experiences heavy rain weather, noticeable wind shear is usually observed above the observation station. In the upper air, it is southwest wind, while in the lower air it is northwest wind, which is the typical wind profile pattern for heavy rain events in the Urumqi region. (3) Obvious northwest low-level jet stream is found to go together with precipitation, and the jet is positively correlated with precipitation intensity. The velocity of low-level jet stream greatly impacts the amount and intensity of precipitation. (4) The rainstorm weather phenomena are clearly presented by the time–height chart of radar reflectivity factors. The high reflectivity values correspond positively to the height range of cloud–rain particles as well as the duration and intensity of precipitation, so it can be used as a reference index of precipitation monitoring and early warning. In a word, this research deepens on the recognition to the micro-/mesoscale weather systems during the process of heavy rains in Urumqi. Moreover, it would contribute to the application improvement of wind profiler data in analyzing the heavy rainfalls in this region.     

Holocene Deposits in Saga Plain: Leaching Mechanism and Soil Sensitivity

The Saga Plain in Japan contains a 10–30 m thick Holocene clayey soil deposit with a natural water content generally more than 100% and a liquidity index (I _L ) larger than 1.0. Most of this is a marine deposit known as the Ariake clay formation. Using salinity in the pore water of this deposit as an index, the mechanism of post-depositional salinity leaching from the Ariake clay formation has been investigated. This has been achieved using current measurements of the salinity distribution in the deposit and the groundwater flow velocity in an underlying Pleistocene gravelly sand layer, together with advection–diffusion analyses. It is suggested that diffusion together with possible rainfall percolation and/or upward seepage flow from the Pleistocene gravelly sand layer was the main mechanism causing salinity leaching. Detailed analysis of the test results from four boreholes indicates that for the locations where the activity of the clay minerals was less than 1.25, salinity leaching probably accounts for the observed low undrained shear strength (<0.5 kPa) of remoulded soil samples, high values of the sensitivity (S _t ), and the formation of a quick clay.     

Risk assessment and mitigation for the Hongshiyan landslide dam triggered by the 2014 Ludian earthquake in Yunnan,China

An Ms 6.5 earthquake shocked the Ludian County, Yunnan Province, China, on 3 August 2014 and triggered the Hongshiyan landslide dam. The dam, with a height of 83 m and a lake capacity of 260?×?10⁶ m³, threatened more than 10,000 people. A unique feature of this landslide dam was that it formed between a man-made dam and a hydropower plant. An existing drainage tunnel connecting the lake and the hydropower plant became a natural drainage conduit for the landslide dam, which played an important role in the mitigation of the landslide dam risks. This paper reports a quantitative risk assessment for the Hongshiyan landslide dam considering both engineering and non-engineering risk mitigation measures. The risk assessment is divided into three stages according to the implementation of two engineering measures: construction of a diversion channel and excavation of a branch drainage tunnel. The dam breaching hydrographs, flood zones, population at risk, and likely fatalities in each of the three stages are analysed. The optimum evacuation strategy in each stage is also studied based on the principle of minimum total consequence. It is found that the diversion channel decreases the dam breaching peak discharge and the associated risks significantly. The branch drainage tunnel prevent the landslide dam from overtopping failure in non-flooded period; however, the landslide dam may fail by overtopping in a future flood if the inflow rate is larger than the outflow rate through the drainage tunnels, resulting in serious losses of lives and properties. The dam breaching risks in all the three stages could be largely reduced by the optimal evacuation decision, which shows that timely evacuation is vital to save life and properties. The study provides a scientific basis for decision making in landslide dam risk management.     

川西北部泥盆系观雾山组沉积相新认识——以大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面为例

川西泥盆系观雾山组沉积相研究缺乏横向对比,沉积模式还存在争议。根据川西北部白家乡大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面实测成果,对中泥盆统观雾山组沉积相进行了分析,认为:大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面观雾山组为碳酸盐镶边台地沉积,期间发生短暂的碳酸盐缓坡化;桂溪剖面观雾山组同属碳酸盐台地边缘,观雾山组中段发育开阔台地深水沉积,并不是前人认为的潟湖沉积。研究区碳酸盐镶边台地包括台地边缘和前缘斜坡两种亚相,前缘斜坡亚相发育于何家梁剖面,以塌积岩沉积为标志。碳酸盐缓坡包括深水缓坡和浅水缓坡两种亚相。随着海平面变化,观雾山组碳酸盐岩发育三个沉积旋回,第一、第三沉积旋回为镶边台地沉积,第二沉积旋回为碳酸盐缓坡沉积。观雾山组沉积微相对储层的分布起控制作用:生物碎屑滩和上斜坡微相为有利储层发育相带;生物礁中在油气运移之前形成的溶蚀孔洞已被白云石和方解石充填,滩间微相泥质(泥晶)白云岩不利于溶蚀孔洞形成,这二者均不是有利储层发育相带。