辽河油田生物降解原油沥青质热解产物中单体化合物碳同位素组成

生物降解原同在我国分布广泛并且在重油资源中占有一定的比例。本文通过采用单体化合物碳同位素分析技术对取自辽河油田西部凹陷的重油以及它们沥青质组分的热解产物进行单体碳同位素测定,来研究原油沥青质热解产物中正构烷烃单体碳同位素的组成及其一物降解油的指示意义。研究结果表明,沥青质热解产物中正构烷烃组分的单体碳同位素组成可用于生物降解较严重的重油样品进行油／油相比,并且与原油中的正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成的对     

Quaternary Tectonic Deformation in Front Area of the Tianjingshan Fault Zone and Analysis of Its Genesis

Through detailed field mapping, the tectonic deformation in the front area of the Tianjingshan fault zone is discussed in this paper. The result shows that there are two Quaternary thrust (oblique) fault-fold belts, namely: the Miaoshan and Hongjianshan fault-fold belts, in the front area of the south wall's strike-slip movement of the Tianjingshan fault zone. The Hejiakouzi Quaternary anticline, which is a part of the Miaoshan fault-fold belt, is mainly discussed. It is pointed out that the fold began to grow in the middle part near Hejiakouzi in the mid-late stage of middle Pleistocene epoch and then gradually developed towards the ends in late Quaternary. Based on the Cenozoic structural features, the genesis of the Miaoshan and Hongjianshan fault-fold belts and the kinematic relation they bear with the Tianjingshan fault zone are analyzed.     

石门雄黄矿一号窿矿体构造及深部找矿研究

通过对湖南石门雄黄矿一号窿矿区构造研究 ,雄黄矿床赋存于燕山期形成的背斜核部 ,背斜与断裂、断裂与断裂的交汇部位。在多种手段综合研究的基础上 ,指出了矿区导矿构造为 EW向的 F1、F3 断裂 ,容矿构造为次级的 NEE、NE、NW、SN向断裂构造 ;提出了本区中生代的三期主要构造应力场 ,其中 SN向主压应力的构造应力场共轭角高值区为雄黄矿体富集地带。矿床受寒武系娄山关群白云岩、奥陶系灰岩和构造的双重控制。认为在一号窿主矿体 NW、SW方向可能存在有隐伏矿体     

平面裂隙参数计算及其对浆液流动的影响分析

利用从层流到紊流的多阶段稳定压水试验的压力－流量曲线反算裂隙张开度、粗糙度及地下水影响半径等裂隙参数。建立了平面裂隙中浆液流动的力学模型,并分析了对浆液流动的影响因素。     

天山第四纪冰川擦痕特征及分布规律

根据冰蚀痕迹的统计数据 ,着重讨论了天山高山地区冰岩界面形成过程和冰川擦痕分布规律。典型的冰碛岩一般有擦面和擦痕。冰川槽谷的横剖面上 ,从侧部向中部 ,擦痕密度逐渐增大 ,槽谷的谷壁向谷底的转折处是擦痕密度由小转大的突变点 (拐点 ) ,反映了磨蚀作用不断增强。而冰坎的擦痕密度则呈现较大的波动。冰坎迎冰面的粗大擦痕密度远比槽谷中的擦痕密度大。羊背石从顶部到侧部 ,擦痕密度由大变小     

Preliminary results of measuring the crustal deformation in Qinghai-Xizang area using GPS technique

GPS repetition measurement tbta in Qinghai-Xizatlg (Tibetan) area in 1992 and 1994 have been used to determine the change rates of seven bascline vectors of Lhasa-Wenquan, etc. It is the first time to obtain the direct observation results of the large-scale crustal horizontal motions in this area. Thesc preliminary results also for the first time provide the direct observation evidence for some important geophysical and geological viewpoints, such as the northward gradual reduce of the effect of the northward push-pressing to Eurasian continent by Indian Plate in the Qinghai-Xizang area, having a southward strike slip movement of the Chuan-Dian diamond block, etc.     

构造应力作用下流体运动的动力学分析——构造流体动力学

本文从流体动力学的基本规律出发,应用渗流力学、岩土力学及弹性力学的理论及方法,推导出了考虑应力状态的可变形介质中流体运动的动力学方程,由该方程可以看出：应力状态是影响流体运动的一个非常重要的因素,它通过３种方式来影响流体的运动,其一是：应力的作用改变介质的渗透性能,从而影响流体运动;其二是：平均正应力的变化速率影响介质的含流体能力,它以源汇项的形式反映在方程中;其三是：应力的作用影响流场的初始状态及边界状态,通过影响定解条件反映在动力学方程中,从而影响运动特征。构造应力场对流体运动的最终影响是这３方面作用     

A new aspect of condensation theory

This paper examines the effects of the mixing of dry air into a cloud top from the point of view of the droplet spectra. It is shown theoretically that the resulting cycling of the air up and down in the cloud, as seems to be the essential mechanism by which cumuli have been diluted to their observed liquid water mixing ratio, can double the largest drop radius and generate cloud parcels containing drops of all sizes up to this maximum. These changes in the droplet distribution with size occur by a process which is not greatly influenced by the cloud condensation nuclei or the details of droplet growth since maritime like spectra can develop in continental type cumuli. It shows that large numbers of cloud condensation nuclei should not have much effect in inhibiting the rainforming process by reducing coalescence growth. On the contrary, the controlling parameters which determine precipitation efficiency and times seem to be those which control the mixing.     

Analysis of effects of active sources on observed phase velocity based on the thin layer method

In the wave field induced by active sources, the observed phase velocity of surface waves is influenced by both mode incompatibility (i.e. non-planar spread of surface waves is idealized as plane waves) and body waves. Effects of sources are usually investigated based on numerical simulations and physical models. Several methods have been proposed to mitigate the effects. In application, however, these methods may also have difficulties since the energy of the body waves depends on soil stratification and parameters. There are multiple modes of surface waves in layered media, among which the higher modes dominate the wave field for soils with the irregular shear velocity profiles. Considering the mode incompatibility and the higher modes, we derive analytical expressions for the effective phase velocity of the surface waves based on the thin layer stiffness method, and investigate the effects of the body waves on the observed phase velocity through the phase analysis of the vibrations of both the surface waves and the body waves. The results indicate that the effective phase velocity of the surface waves in layered media varies with the frequency and the spread distance, and is underestimated compared to that of the plane surface waves in the spread range less than about one wavelength. The oscillations that appeared in the observed phase velocity are due to the involvement of the body waves. The mode incompatibility can be ignored in the range beyond one wavelength, while the influence range of the body waves is far beyond one wavelength. The body waves have a significant influence on the observed phase velocity of the surface waves in soils with a soft layer trapped between the first and the second layers because of strong reflections.     

A new soil freeze/thaw discriminant algorithm using AMSR‐E passive microwave imagery

The soil freeze–thaw controls the hydrological and carbon cycling and thus affects water and energy exchanges at land surface. This article reported a newly developed algorithm for distinguishing the freeze/thaw status of surface soil. The algorithm was based on information from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Enhanced (AMSR‐E) which records brightness temperature (Tb) in the afternoon and after midnight. The criteria and discriminant functions were obtained from both radiometer observations and model simulations. First of all, the microwave radiation from freeze–thaw soil was examined by carrying out experimental measurements at 18·7 and 36·5 GHz using a Truck‐mounted Multi‐frequency Microwave Radiometer (TMMR) in the Heihe River of China. The experimental results showed that the soil moisture is a key component that differentiates the microwave radiation behaviours during the freeze–thaw process, and the differences in soil temperature and emissivity between frozen and thawed soils were found to be the most important criteria. Secondly, a combined model was developed to consider the impacts of complex ground surface conditions on the discrimination. The model simulations quite followed the trend of in situ observations with an overall relation coefficient (R) of approximately 0·88. Finally, the ratio of Tb18·7H (horizontally polarized Tb at 18·7 GHz) to Tb36·5V was considered primarily as the quasi‐emissivity, which is more reasonable and explicit in measuring the microwave radiation changes in soil freezing and thawing than the spectral gradient. By combining Tb36·5V to indicate the soil temperature variety, a Fisher linear discrimination analysis was used to establish the discriminant functions. After being corrected by TMMR measurements, the new discriminant algorithm had an overall accuracy of 86% when validated by 4‐cm soil temperature. The multi‐year discriminant results also provided a good agreement with the classification map of frozen ground in China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.