The Precision of "Rapid" Rock Analysis And the Homogeneity of New USGS Standard Rock Samples

Additional analytical data for the thirteen oxides usually determined in a rock analysis by wet methods and estimates and, conclusions from the analysis of variance are presented for the eight new USGS rock standards STM-1, RGM-1, QLO-1, SCo-1, MAG-1, SDC-1, BHVO-1 and SGR-1. The "single-solution" method of sample dissolution, and the "rapid methods" described by Shapiro were used. Three bottles of each standard were analyzed in duplicate, providing six replicate analyses of each sample. Relative standard deviations ranged from 0. 00 to 202 %, with only 12 of the possible 104 sample-oxide combinations exceeding 10 %. Most deviations exceeding 10 % occur with oxides at very low concentrations or with the determi-nation, of H₂O⁺ and CO₂, all of which often yield poor precision. These data indicate that the rapid wet chemical methods, except possibly for H₂O⁺ and CO₂, or when very low concentrations are present, can be considered reliable. Of the 104 F-ratios calculated during the analysis of variance for sample-oxide combinations, only eight equal or exceed the tabled value of 9. 55 for F_0.95 (d. f. 2, 3). These data strongly support the conclusion that the contents of the bottles may be considered homogeneous for most oxides determined. When our data for an oxide in the several samples are plotted versus similar data in the USGS Prof. Paper 840 by several methods, the plots generally show good agreement for most sample-oxide combinations, but approximately thirty of the 104 show substantial differences, with no obvious correlation between the various methods used or the nature or magnitude of the differences.     

On the influence of sensor inertia on the estimation of turbulent fluxes from aircraft measurements

If no correction is performed, the inertia of the sensors for temperature and humidity in research aircraft leads to an error in the calculation of turbulent fluxes. Simple considerations give an estimation of the order of magnitude of these errors. A simple method for the in-situ estimation of temperature sensor inertia is given.     

中国大陆东部及海域地壳-上地幔结构研究c

中国大陆东部及海域（98～150Ｅ，5～50Ｎ）位于欧亚大陆和太平洋两大板块的衔接地带，且深受来自印度洋板块活动的影响．本文利用该区域内的35个数字地震台记录的面波资料，采取多重滤波技术等时频分析方法，求得了1252条路径上基阶瑞利波的频散曲线，然后将研究区域划分为１１的网格，通过Occam反演方法求得了10～158ｓ周期范围内基阶瑞利波群速度在研究区域内的分布．这些速度分布大致反映了不同深度范围介质Ｓ波速度的横向变化情况．利用求得的纯路径频散，进一步反演得到了青藏高原东部——太平洋、南海——蒙古两个剖面的Ｓ波速度随深度的变化，发现研究区内的横向不均匀性直到400ｋｍ仍很明显，各构造单元的划分与速度结构有明显的关系．      

Using the DPFT approach to improve flash flood forecasting models

DPFT is a lumped approach for operational flash flood forecasting, based on the unit hydrograph. Using a multi-event alternating iterative algorithm, it identifies a robust and stable average transfer function and a consistent set of effective rainfall series associated with each event at the same time. This key ingredient allows an objective calibration of different loss functions, relating gauged precipitation and effective rainfall. A case study based on an operational French basin (545 km²) is presented. Three lumped production functions have been calibrated and compared. The results show that more elaborate models of loss functions must be proposed, and some possible directions for this are pointed out.     

Physical parameters measured on cores and cuttings from the pilot well (0 m–4000.1 m) of the German continental deep drilling program (KTB) in the Oberfalz area,Bavaria, Federal Republic of Germany

The project of an ultradeep drill hole (KTB) in the Oberpfalz area at the western margin of the Bohemian Massif has completed a pilot drill hole to a depth of 4000.1 m in April 1989. This well is situated only about 200m away from the main drill hole aimed at 10 km depth where drilling started in September 1990. The cores of the pilot well have a diameter of 9.4 cm or 10.16 cm, respectively. In addition to cores and cuttings there was also mud available for geochemical, petrological and some geophysical measurements. The pilot drill hole has a core recovery length of as much as 3042.6 m (about 76%), among which 193.1 m were obtained by rotary drilling and 2849.5 m by wireline drilling. Several petrophysical parameters were measured in a specially established field laboratory at the drill site immediately after sampling in order to obtain as good as possible in-situ values. Results for the following parameters are reported: density, natural gamma ray activity, velocities of seismic longitudinal and shear waves, thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, natural remanent magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, porosity and inner surface. The methods of measurement are characterized briefly and the results of the pilot drill hole are presented and discussed in connection with the lithology and the geophysical anomalies, which have been observed on the surface.     

Tetracycline marking of coregonids at the time of egg fertilization

Tetracycline marking of otoliths can be achieved by osmotic importation at fertilization when hardening is conducted in tetracycline solutions. Marks produced are recognizable even in fish of catchable size without a very extensive otolith preparation. The method can contribute to estimations of stocking efficiency and to discern recruits of natural and artificial reproduction.     

Regionalization of seismic hazard in Greece based on seismic sources

A semi-probabilistic approach to the seismic hazard assessment of Greece is presented. For this reason, a recent seismotectonic model for shallow and intermediate depth earthquake sources, based on historical as well as on instrumental data, was used. Different attenuation formulae were proposed for the macroseismic intensity and the strong ground motion parameters for the shallow and the intermediate focal depth shocks. The data were elaborated in terms of McGuire's computer program, which is based on the Cornell's method.A grid of equally spaced points at 20 km distance was made and the seismic hazard recurrence curves for various parameters of the seismic intensity was estimated for each point. Finally, seismic hazard maps for the area of Greece were compiled utilizing the entire range of recurrence curves. These maps depict areas of equal seismic hazard and for every area the analytical relations of the typeSI =f(Tm), whereSI is a seismic intensity parameter andTm is the mean return period, were determined.