Ultradeep diamonds originate from deep subducted sedimentary carbonates

Diamonds are renowned as the record of Earth’s evolution history. Natural diamonds on the Earth can be distinguished in light of genetic types as kimberlitic diamonds (including peridotitic diamonds and eclogitic diamonds), ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic diamonds and ophiolitic diamonds. According to the inclusion mineralogy, most diamonds originated from continental lithospheric mantle at depths of 140–250 km. Several localities, however, yield ultradeep diamonds with inclusion compositions that require a sublithospheric origin (>~250 km). Ultradeep diamonds exhibit distinctions in terms of carbon isotope composition, N-concentration, mineral inclusions and so on. The present study provides a systematic compilation concerning the features of ultradeep diamonds, based on which to expound their genesis affinity with mantle-carbonate melts. The diamond-parental carbonate melts are proposed to be stemmed from the Earth’s crust through subduction of oceanic lithosphere. Ultradeep diamonds are classified into a subgroup attaching to kimberlitic diamonds grounded by formation mechanism, and present connections in respect of carbon origin to eclogitic diamonds, ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic diamonds and ophiolitic diamonds.     

Using a global reference sample set and a cropland map for area estimation in China

A technically transparent and freely available reference sample set for validation of global land cover mapping was recently established to assess the accuracies of land cover maps with multiple resolutions. This sample set can be used to estimate areas because of its equal-area hexagon-based sampling design. The capabilities of these sample set-based area estimates for cropland were investigated in this paper. A 30-m cropland map for China was consolidated using three thematic maps (cropland, forest and wetland maps) to reduce confusion between cropland and forest/wetland. We compared three area estimation methods using the sample set and the 30 m cropland map. The methods investigated were: (1) pixel counting from a complete coverage map, (2) direct estimation from reference samples, and (3) model-assisted estimation combining the map with samples. Our results indicated that all three methods produced generally consistent estimates which agreed with cropland area measured from an independent national land use dataset. Areas estimated from the reference sample set were less biased by comparing with a National Land Use Dataset of China (NLUD-C). This study indicates that the reference sample set can be used as an alternative source to estimate areas over large regions.     

A simplified design method for metallic dampers used in the transverse direction of cable-stayed bridges

The aseismic design of cable-stayed bridges in the transverse direction with newly proposed metallic dampers that can accommodate both longitudinal and transverse movement of the deck has recently been considered. This work focuses on developing a simplified method to design an appropriate metallic damper. The seismic performance of cablestayed bridges with different damper stiffness, main span lengths, tower shapes and types of deck in the transverse direction are investigated. The transverse displacement of the deck of a cable-stayed bridge increases significantly with the increment of the damper stiffness, which proves that the design of the damper stiffness is crucial. A simplified model considering the damper stiffness, cable system and tower in the transverse direction is developed to evaluate the period and lateral displacement of a complicated cable-stayed bridge. Based on the simplified model, a design method is proposed and assessed using two cable-stayed bridges as examples. The results show that metallic dampers can be designed with high efficiency, and the optimal ductility of the damper can be selected.     

Study of seismic behavior of PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars

Nine PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars were prepared in present study, and cyclic loading tests were implemented to evaluate these piles’ seismic performance. The influence of the axial compression ratio and the amount of normal-strength deformed bars on failure modes, crack patterns, strength, stiffness, and ductility were examined. The test findings indicate that the change of axial compression ratio has a noticeable influence on the failure mode of PHC piles. A larger axial compression ratio results in a higher cracking bending resistance, ultimate bending resistance, and initial stiffness, but the propagation heights of flexural cracks decrease as the axial compression ratio increases. Furthermore, increasing the amount of normal-strength deformed bars causes a slight decrease in ductility. Finally, a calculation formula was proposed to predict the flexural capacity of PHC piles with partial normal-strength deformed bars.     

蒙古国南戈壁省二叠系岩性组合特征及其与内蒙古银额盆地的对比

蒙古国南戈壁省中蒙边界地区分布多个二叠系大型—特大型煤矿,为一套以砾岩为主的粗碎屑岩和含煤系地层夹火山岩建造。银额盆地周缘地表剖面揭示,二叠系发育一套以海相沉积为主的碎屑岩+碳酸盐岩+火山岩建造。银额盆地希热哈达—赛汗桃来地区的钻井资料揭示其为一套粗碎屑岩+含煤系地层夹火山岩岩性组合,与盆地周缘地表剖面各时代地层的岩性组合均存在巨大差异,而与蒙古国南戈壁省二叠系的岩性组合特征相同。通过中蒙边界地区二叠系地层层序与岩性组合特征的对比,明确了银额盆地希热哈达—赛汗桃来地区钻井资料发现的含煤系地层时代为二叠纪,结合沉积充填特征,对银额盆地二叠纪沉积演化与沉积相平面展布有了新的认识,为银额盆地及邻区石炭纪—二叠纪构造演化的研究提供了新的证据。     

青藏高原重大冻土工程的基础研究

青藏高原是我国乃至世界高海拔多年冻土区的典型代表。伴随着青藏铁路的建成通车,西藏自治区迎来了新一轮经济发展,迫切需要新建高速公路、输变电线路、输油气管道工程等。这些拟建工程与已建的青藏公路、青藏铁路、格拉输油管道、兰西拉光缆等工程均聚集于宽度不足10km范围内的青藏工程走廊。在这狭长的冻土工程走廊内,已修建或拟建的各种冻土构筑物相互影响,多因素耦合叠加,加速区域内的冻土退化,而冻土融化必将影响到工程的稳定性和生态环境退化。再加上全球气候变化的影响,其变化程度更加剧烈。面对国家需求,国家重点基础研究发展项目"青藏高原重大冻土工程的基础研究"于2012年4月正式启动。该项目旨在揭示气候变化与人类工程活动加剧背景下冻土变化及灾害时空演化规律,建立冻土工程稳定性和服役性能评价体系,提出冻土工程灾害防治理论与控制对策,为冻土构筑物群灾害应急预案和重大冻土工程建设提供科学决策依据。     

保安煤矿西翼3煤层开采安全性研究

通过对矿区水文地质条件的分析,认为开采3煤层时的主要充水含水层为顶板砂岩裂隙水和底板奥灰水,以奥灰水最为突出。采用突水系数法及阻水系数法计算煤矿西翼3煤层开采的有效隔水层厚度为37.6m,运用大井法计算工作面开采过程中最大涌水量为98.3m3/h。研究认为：工作面可以进行带压开采,在巷道和工作面开拓中必须在井下施工探放水孔,在富水区进行疏水降压,达到安全开采的目的;开采F20、F35断层附近时应留足防水煤柱,并对奥灰进行疏水降压,以免发生突水事故。     

软碰撞、叠覆造山和多旋回缝合作用

软碰撞是指陆块间,主要是微陆块间的弱碰撞。软碰撞后,陆块间尚未焊合,处于"联而不合"的状态。在新的构造阶段,这些陆块间又可再一次挤压和地壳缩短,发生大陆壳的消减造山作用,使一个大陆的大陆壳叠覆在另一个大陆的大陆壳之上,这就是陆一陆叠覆造山作用。东亚诸陆块在古生代软碰撞后,曾长期处于"联而不合"的状态,只有再经过华为西、印支、燕山多旋回的陆-陆叠覆和走滑-挤压造山作用之后,它们才在动力学上最终焊合为一体,即经历了多旋回的缝合作用才合为一体。     

西藏北羌塘盆地多格错仁地区盐泉水化学特征及其物质来源

西藏北羌塘盆地是我国侏罗系海相找钾的主要远景区之一,在多格错仁地区发育有一系列具有明显的含钾异常的现代盐泉,研究这些盐泉水的物质来源具有重要的找钾意义和科学价值。野外采集了40个盐泉水的样品,并在室内测定了其化学组分、δ34 S和87 Sr/86 Sr。分析结果显示,盐泉水具有富Na+、Ca2+、K+、Cl-,贫Mg2+、SO2-4、HCO-3的特征,其Cl-含量约占矿化度的50%以上,并与矿化度呈正相关关系,Na+、Ca2+、K+浓度也与矿化度呈正相关关系。根据盐泉水的钠氯系数和溴氯系数判断,盐泉水属于地层溶滤水;源泉河、东温泉、多格错仁湖南岸3处的盐泉水具有与侏罗纪海水相一致的硫同位素特征,表明其在地下运移时,很可能溶解了地层中的石膏沉积;盐泉水的1000/Sr-87Sr/86Sr投点图说明各处盐泉水在地下的运移路径和形成过程明显不同;盐泉水的87Sr/86Sr值与其区域背景值对比显示,盐泉水在形成过程中可能溶滤了夏里组二段和索瓦组一段中的蒸发岩,区内夏里组和索瓦组最有可能蕴含有成盐成钾层系。     

断裂岩石细观破坏机理及三维接触损伤

以断裂岩体长期稳定性为研究背景,开展岩体断面细观接触演化和长期力学行为的研究,借助CT检测方法,研究断裂岩体双翼表面细观接触状态、接触损伤演化等影响岩体长期力学行为的特征以及断裂岩石蠕变过程中粗糙表面凹凸体磨损及亚表面微裂纹、微孔洞发展等表面接触损伤演化规律。CT图片得出剪切蠕变破碎岩石的多种失稳模式,这几种破坏模式共同存在于岩石断裂面的剪切蠕变过程中,并在断裂面不同位置交替出现。通过三维重构初步了解断裂岩石损伤过程中新生断面的形成过程:断裂面在剪切蠕变过程中微凸体附近易产生损伤形成空洞或初始裂隙,随后大量空洞和裂隙发展形成裂纹网络,裂纹网络贯通形成新断裂面。