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21.
Romain de Mesmay Pierre Metzger Vincent Grossi Sylvie Derenne 《Organic Geochemistry》2008,39(7):879-893
A mixture of C33–C37 botryococcenes and partially reduced derivatives was isolated from ca. 32,000 year old sediment from Lake Masoko, a freshwater crater lake in the Rungwe Range area (Tanzania). Botryococcenes and derivatives accounted for 246 μg/g dry sediment and for >92% of the hydrocarbon fraction; 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry allowed the structure of the dominant botryococcene (43% of hydrocarbon fraction) to be established, after purification using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The compound is a novel tetraunsaturated dicyclic C34 botryococcene and is named C34 masokocene. Overall, the structures of six other novel botryococcenes and four partially reduced derivatives were tentatively assigned. The structures of the new biomarkers, three dicyclic C34–C36 botryococcenes (or masokocenes) and seven monocyclic C34–C37 analogues are discussed along with their biosynthetic relationship. The high abundance of such polyunsaturated compounds preserved in 32,000 year old sediment from the lake indicates an aquatic ecosystem dominated at the time by the green alga Botryococcus braunii, as well very good preservation of the organic matter. 相似文献
22.
Manoj K. Pandit Helga de Wall Narendra K. Chauhan 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(3):201-209
A number of fine-grained sericite bearing pelitic, schistose lithologies occur along the Archean (Banded Gneiss Complex)-Proterozoic
(Aravalli Supergroup) contact (APC) in the Udaipur valley in NW Indian craton. These Al-rich lithologies (subsequently metamorphosed)
have been described as ‘paleosols’, developed over a 3.3 Ga old Archean gneissic basement and are overlain by Paleoproterozoic
Aravalli quartzite. The paleosol was developed between 2.5 and 2.1, coincident with the globally recognized Great Oxidation
Event (GOE). In previous studies these paleosol sections were interpreted to have developed under reducing environment, however,
the finding of a ‘ferricrete’ zone in the upper part of Tulsi Namla section (east of Udaipur) during the present study (in
addition to earlier reported lithologies) has led to an alternative suggestion of oxygen-rich conditions during paleosol development.
The Tulsi Namla paleosol section shows all the features characteristic of a complete paleosol section described from other
Archean cratons. The paleosol includes sericite schist with kyanite as the prevalent Al-silicate in the lower part of profile
while chloritoid and Fe-oxides typify the Fe-rich upper part. Alumina has remained immobile during the weathering process
while Fe and Mn show a decrease in the lower part of the section and an abrupt rise in the upper part, in the ferricrete zone.
The field and geochemical data indicate that the Tulsi Namla section is an in situ weathering profile and at least the upper part shows evidence of oxidizing conditions. 相似文献
23.
Anne Marie de Grosbois 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(5):1121-1126
24.
Soil contamination from urban and industrial activity: example of the mining district of Linares (southern Spain) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. Martínez J. F. Llamas E. de Miguel J. Rey M. C. Hidalgo 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(4):669-677
The Linares region (southern Spain) has been subjected to two important sources of pollution: the intensive mining works and
the urban-industrial activity. To obtain a geochemical characterisation of the soil, 31 trace elements were analysed and 669
soil samples were collected. By means of clustering analysis, we identified groups of elements and grid squares in which relations
could be established concerning soil lithology, urban and industrial activities and the degree of pollution impact; in addition,
we were able to characterise the geochemical background of the study area. The multivariate study led us to identify four
factors. Particularly important was factor 2, which represented the elements associated with mineral paragenesis (Cu, Pb,
As, Co, Mn, Zn, Sn, Ba). This factor also contains elements related with an urban-industrial activity, such as Pb, Cu, Zn,
As and Ba. Furthermore, we identified factor 4, associating Ni, V and Cr, and which is related to the use of fuels. 相似文献
25.
Doline probability map using logistic regression and GIS technology in the central Ebro Basin (Spain) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
In the surroundings of Zaragoza, karstification processes are especially intense in covered karst areas where fluvial terraces
lie directly on Tertiary evaporites. Since the beginning of Quaternary, these processes have lead to the development of collapse
and subsidence dolines with a wide range of sizes, which have significant economic impacts. To reduce economic impact and
increase safety, a regional analysis of this phenomenon is needed for spatial management. Therefore, a probability map of
dolines was developed using logistic regression and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. This paper covers the
selection of input data, manipulation of data using the GIS technology, and the use of logistic regression to generate a doline
probability map. The primary variable in the doline development in this area is geomorphology, represented by the location
of endorheic areas and different terrace levels. Secondary variables are the presence of irrigation and the water table gradient. 相似文献
26.
Zaragoza city is located in the central Ebro Basin, in the Iberian Peninsula. The fluvial terraces formed by the Ebro River
present a valuable resource of sand and gravel deposits. However, taking advantage of these available resources implies conflicts
with other land use interests like urban and industrial development as well as agricultural use, which has also traditionally
occupied the alluvial terraces. These deposits represent a substantial groundwater resource that should be preserved for future
generations. The development of spatial decision support systems (SDSS) has greatly assisted efforts for solving land-use
conflicts. These systems combine the benefits of geographic information systems (GIS) and decision support methodologies and
are therefore suitable to manage sustainable development of urban areas. In this contribution, an extraction suitability map
taking into consideration a variety of environmental criteria is created with the help of a SDSS. The method used is the analytical
hierarchy process which is integrated in ArcGIS. Areas most suitable to sand and gravel extraction are located in the high
terraces, and in those terraces covered by pediments where the thickness of resource is relatively high. These areas are far
from valuable natural areas, outside areas most vulnerable to groundwater contamination, and beneath soils with poor irrigation
characteristics. 相似文献
27.
A new method of estimating the ratio between in situ rock stresses and tectonics based on empirical and probabilistic analyses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper describes a new procedure for assessing the ratio between in situ stresses in rock masses by means of K (K = σH / σv, being σH and σv principal stress) and tectonics for purposes of engineering geology and rock mechanics. The method combines the use of the logic decision tree and the empirical relationship between the Tectonic Stress Index, TSI, and a series of K in situ values obtained from an extensive database. The decision tree considers geological and geophysical factors affecting stress magnitudes both on the regional and local scale. The TSI index is defined by geological and geomechanical parameters. The method proposed provides an assessment of the magnitude of horizontal stresses of tectonic origin. Results for several regions of Europe are presented and the possible applications of the procedure are discussed. 相似文献
28.
29.
We present the software program THERIA_G, which allows for numerical simulation of garnet growth in a given volume of rock
along any pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path. THERIA_G assumes thermodynamic equilibrium between the garnet rim and the rock matrix during growth and accounts for
component fractionation associated with garnet formation as well as for intracrystalline diffusion within garnet. In addition,
THERIA_G keeps track of changes in the equilibrium phase relations, which occur during garnet growth along the specified P–T–t trajectory. This is accomplished by the combination of two major modules: a Gibbs free energy minimization routine is used
to calculate equilibrium phase relations including the volume and composition of successive garnet growth increments as P and T and the effective bulk rock composition change. With the second module intragranular multi-component diffusion is modelled
for spherical garnet geometry. THERIA_G allows to simulate the formation of an entire garnet population, the nucleation and
growth history of which is specified via the garnet crystal size frequency distribution. Garnet growth simulations with THERIA_G
produce compositional profiles for the garnet porphyroblasts of each size class of a population and full information on equilibrium
phase assemblages for any point along the specified P–T–t trajectory. The results of garnet growth simulation can be used to infer the P–T–t path of metamorphism from the chemical zoning of garnet porphyroblasts. With a hypothetical example of garnet growth in a
pelitic rock we demonstrate that it is essential for the interpretation of the chemical zoning of garnet to account for the
combined effects of the thermodynamic conditions of garnet growth, the nucleation history and intracrystalline diffusion.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
F. GaidiesEmail: |
30.
Water management and engineering in the karstic High Atlas of Morocco are difficult tasks under the prevailing geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, vegetational and climatic conditions. It is important to be able to understand and predict the characteristics and availability of water for future water planning in the region under changing climatic and agricultural conditions. An interdisciplinary analysis of problems and adequate hydrological modelling tools developed by geologists, hydrologists and biologists are necessary. The karst areas of the High Atlas Mountains are characterised by impermeable triassic basalt underlying substantial subsurface reservoirs with high potential discharge rates. The karst groundwater aquifers are extensive but largely unknown in dimension, probably with a hierarchical network of groundwater flow paths. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the surface water is directly lost to groundwater. Steep landslide- and debris flow prone slopes exist next to coarse-grained, highly porous river beds. Infrequent, high intensity rainfall or snowmelt causes a particularly high flood risk to these karst areas. In addition, agriculture and land use changes have degraded the karst areas. The most important driving forces for degradation include permanent overgrazing even during droughts and the use of firewood by a continually growing population. Large scale degradation of vegetation has occurred in the oro-mediterranean (mountainous Mediterranean) zone, between 2600 and 3400 m which coincides with the most important zone for karstic groundwater creation. The combination of high amounts of groundwater flow and rapid surface flow due to sparse vegetation has increased the problems of flood flow. 相似文献