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81.
82.
Toni Schulz Pavel P. Povinec Ludovic Ferrire A. J. Timothy Jull Andrej Kov
ik Ivan Sýkora Jonas Tusch Carsten Münker Dan Topa Christian Koeberl 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2020,55(2):294-311
The Tissint meteorite fell on July 18, 2011 in Morocco and was quickly recovered, allowing the investigation of a new unaltered sample from Mars. We report new high‐field strength and highly siderophile element (HSE) data, Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐W‐Os isotope analyses, and data for cosmogenic nuclides in order to examine the history of the Tissint meteorite, from its source composition and crystallization to its irradiation history. We present high‐field strength element compositions that are typical for depleted Martian basalts (0.174 ppm Nb, 17.4 ppm Zr, 0.7352 ppm Hf, and 0.0444 ppm W), and, together with an extended literature data set for shergottites, help to reevaluate Mars’ tectonic evolution in comparison to that of the early Earth. HSE contents (0.07 ppb Re, 0.92 ppb Os, 2.55 ppb Ir, and 7.87 ppb Pt) vary significantly in comparison to literature data, reflecting significant sample inhomogeneity. Isotope data for Os and W (187Os/188Os = 0.1289 ± 15 and an ε182W = +1.41 ± 0.46) are both indistinguishable from literature data. An internal Lu‐Hf isochron for Tissint defines a crystallization age of 665 ± 74 Ma. Considering only Sm‐Nd and Lu‐Hf chronometry, we obtain, using our and literature values, a best estimate for the age of Tissint of 582 ± 18 Ma (MSWD = 3.2). Cosmogenic radionuclides analyzed in the Tissint meteorite are typical for a recent fall. Tissint's pre‐atmospheric radius was estimated to be 22 ± 2 cm, resulting in an estimated total mass of 130 ± 40 kg. Our cosmic‐ray exposure age of 0.9 ± 0.2 Ma is consistent with earlier estimations and exposure ages for other shergottites in general. 相似文献
83.
The mean available potential energy released by baroclinic instability into the meso-scale eddy field has to be dissipated in some way and Tandon and Garrett [Tandon, A., Garrett, C., 1996. On a recent parameterization of mesoscale eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (3), 406–416] suggested that this dissipation could ultimately involve irreversible mixing of buoyancy by molecular processes at the small-scale end of the turbulence cascade. We revisit this idea and argue that the presence of dissipation within the thermocline automatically requires that a component of the eddy flux associated with meso-scale eddies must be associated with irreversible mixing of buoyancy within the thermocline. We offer a parameterisation of the implied diapycnal diffusivity based on (i) the dissipation rate for eddy kinetic energy given by the meso-scale eddy closure of Eden and Greatbatch [Eden, C., Greatbatch, R.J., 2008. Towards a meso-scale eddy closure. Ocean Modell. 20, 223–239.] and (ii) a fixed mixing efficiency. The implied eddy-induced diapycnal diffusivity (κ) is implemented in a coarse resolution model of the North Atlantic. In contrast to the vertical diffusivity given by a standard vertical mixing scheme, large lateral inhomogeneities can be found for κ in the interior of the ocean. In general, κ is large, i.e. up to o(10) cm2/s, near the western boundaries and almost vanishing in the interior of the ocean. 相似文献
84.
J. Elis Hoffmann Carsten Münker Ali Polat Klaus Mezger Minik T. Rosing 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(24):7236-6628
Growing evidence from the accessible geological record reveals that crust-mantle differentiation on Earth started as early as 4.4 Ga. In order to assess the extent of early Archean mantle depletion, we obtained 176Lu-176Hf, 147Sm-143Nd, and high field strength element (HFSE) concentration data for the least altered, well characterized boninite-like metabasalts and associated metasedimentary rocks from the Isua supracrustal belt (southern West Greenland). The metasediments exhibit initial εHf(3720) values from −0.7 to +1.5 and initial εNd(3720) values from +1.6 to +2.1. Initial εHf(3720) values of the least altered boninite-like metabasalts span a range from +3.5 to +12.9 and initial εNd(3720) values from −0.3 to +3.2. These initial Hf-isotope ratios display coherent trends with SiO2, Al2O3/TiO2 and other relatively immobile elements, indicating contamination via assimilation of enriched components, most likely sediments derived from the earliest crust in the region. This model is also consistent with previously reported initial γOs(3720) values for some of the samples. In addition to the positive εHf(3720) values, the least disturbed samples exhibit positive εNd(3720) values and a co-variation of εHf(3720) and εΝd(3720) values. Based on these observations, it is argued, that the most depleted samples with initial εHf(3720) values of up to +12.9 and high 176Lu/177Hf of ∼0.05 to ∼0.09 tap a highly depleted mantle source with a long term depletion history in the garnet stability field. High precision high field strength element (HFSE) data obtained for the Isua samples confirm the contamination trend. Even the most primitive samples display negative Nb-Ta anomalies and elevated Nb/Ta, indicating a subduction zone setting and overprint of the depleted mantle sources by felsic melts generated by partial melting of eclogite. Collectively, the data for boninite-like metabasalts support the presence of strongly depleted mantle reservoirs as previously inferred from Hf isotope data for Hadean zircons and combined 142Nd-143Nd isotope data for early Archean rocks. 相似文献
85.
We applied a Monte Carlo method-simulated annealing algorithm-to carry out the design of multilayer achromatic waveplate. We present solutions for three-, six-and ten-layer achromatic waveplates. The optimized retardance settings are found to be 89°51'39"±0°33'37" and 89°54'46"±0°22'4" for the six-and ten-layer waveplates, respectively, for a wavelength range from 1000nm to 1800nm. The polarimetric properties of multilayer waveplates are investigated based on several numerical experiments. In contrast to previously proposed three-layer achromatic waveplate, the fast axes of the new six-and ten-layer achromatic waveplate remain at fixed angles, independent of the wavelength. Two applications of multilayer achromatic waveplate are discussed, the general-purpose phase shifter and the birefringent filter in the Infrared Imaging Magnetograph (IRIM) system of the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO). We also checked an experimental method to measure the retardance of waveplates. 相似文献
86.
The Danish Maritime Safety Administration (DaMSA) provides forecast of elevations, currents, and other parameters to the maritime
society. Accurate and reliable predictions are important to help navigate Danish waters in a safe manner, and the forecasts
are routinely used by the Vessel Traffic Services in the Great Belt and the Sound. The DaMSA model setup includes three nested
models, with coarse resolution in the North Atlantic and increasing to 600 m in the Belt Sea and South West Baltic. Observations
of some special events in late 2009 drew attention to a possible relation between Atlantic-scale surge events and small-scale
currents in the Danish Straits. During the special event with large-scale surge, the observed southward moving current in
the Danish Straits was 0.5–2.0 m/s for several days, while the operational model showed a much smaller response. As a consequence,
the entire DaMSA model complex was revised during 2010. Multi-annual reruns have showed that with the updated model, the explained
variance of the current increases from 67% to 88%. 相似文献
87.
Arno Rein Steffen Popp Steffen Zacharias Carsten Leven Martin Bittens Peter Dietrich 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(6):1239-1249
The present work focuses on approaches for the characterization of subsurface contamination, which need to be reliable and
cost-effective, particularly for extended and remote areas aimed at being redeveloped. Requirements are discussed with respect
to specific conditions at megasites, in order to enable site valorization. In a case study, two approaches are compared, comprising
(1) conventional site investigation based on historical surveys and concentration measurements at monitoring wells installed
in areas suspected of being polluted and (2) the use of direct push (DP) methods covering the complete area. The DP investigation
provided information on the contamination distribution and yielded also important information on hydraulic conditions. Statistical
analysis of the results applying indicator kriging revealed that the conventional approach is markedly risky when decision-making
relies solely on historical and sparse data. The DP campaign remarkably reduced the uncertainty concerning the estimated occurrence
of polluted groundwater at the whole site. Furthermore, monitoring measurements are analyzed showing the possible importance
of temporal variability. Taking economical consideration into account, DP-based groundwater screening is recommended to obtain
either first or complementary information on the entire site. Based on these data, also locations for a long-term monitoring
could be selected if temporal variability is assumed relevant. 相似文献
88.
Carsten Warnecke 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):443-466
Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are perceived to be of high quality, but also complex and stringent. Only one-third of the registered projects successfully managed initial verification and already received carbon credits. The time required to achieve first issuance remains high despite considerable improvements in other CDM project cycle steps. This leads to the question of whether MRV provisions in the CDM represent barriers that could be lowered while ensuring the CDM's integrity. The CDM requirements are compared with the MRV provisions of the EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS). The comparison shows that CDM–MRV provisions are often stricter and less flexible compared to similar provisions in the EU ETS. Due to structural differences between the EU ETS and the CDM, some different MRV approaches are justified and reflect the CDM's disparate objectives and complexity. It is found that some CDM provisions result in barriers which seem avoidable and do not contribute to the CDM's environmental integrity. Recommendations are made for CDM-specific improvements and general structural changes to improve cost-efficiency and reduce uncertainty with relevance to policy developments around future market mechanisms. 相似文献
89.
Uta Sauer Claudia Schütze Carsten Leven Stefan Schlömer Peter Dietrich 《Acta Geotechnica》2014,9(1):127-133
This paper introduces an integrative hierarchical monitoring concept allowing for the detection and assessment of possible leakages from geological storage formations into the shallow subsurface or atmosphere. The concept introduced in this paper combines various investigation methods working at different scales and with varying resolutions. This approach will allow large spatial areas to be consistently covered, to enable efficient monitoring. Experience gained from the adoption of these tools for naturally occurring CO2 deposits (analogue sites) is helpful for the evaluation and adoption of the methods to the requirements of storage projects. 相似文献
90.
Thermal tracer testing in a sedimentary aquifer: field experiment (Lauswiesen,Germany) and numerical simulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Valentin Wagner Tao Li Peter Bayer Carsten Leven Peter Dietrich Philipp Blum 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(1):175-187
An active and short-duration thermal tracer test (TTT) was conducted in a shallow sedimentary aquifer at the Lauswiesen test site, near Tübingen, Germany. By injecting 16 m3 of warm water at 22°C, a thermal anomaly was created, which propagated along the local groundwater flow direction. This was comprehensively monitored in five observation wells at a few meters distance. The purpose of this well-controlled experiment was to determine the practicability of such a TTT and its suitability to examine hydraulic characteristics of heterogeneous aquifers. The results showed that the thermal peak arrival times in the observation wells were consistent with previous observations from alternative field testing such as direct-push injection logging (DPIL). Combined analysis of depth-dependent temperatures and peak arrival times, and comparison with a numerical heat transport model, offers valuable insights into the natural flow field and spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivities. The study was able to identify vertical flow focusing and bypassing, which are attributed to preferential flow paths common in such sedimentary sand and gravel aquifers. These findings are fundamental for further development of experimental designs of active and short-duration TTTs and provide a basis for a more quantitative analysis of advective and conductive transport processes. 相似文献