中国东北地区的构造格局与演化:从500Ma到180Ma

中国东北变质基底为由含矽线石榴片麻岩、角闪斜长片麻岩、石墨大理岩和各种长英质片麻岩组成的孔兹岩系。采自额尔古纳、兴安、佳木斯和兴凯地块的矽线石榴片麻岩样品的锆石U-Pb测年均指示高级变质发生在500Ma左右。来自松辽地块古生代沉积物碎屑锆石的证据也表明约500Ma构造岩浆事件的存在。跨越整个中国东北不同地块的泛非期高级变质岩形成了超过1 300km北西向展布的晚泛非期"中国东北孔兹岩带",以顺时针p/T轨迹的孔兹岩带与同期岩浆杂岩共同构成了一巨型的约500Ma前后的造山带,笔者这里命名为"中国东北早古生代造山带"。这证明了中国东北各地块在500Ma之前已经拼合,并与西伯利亚克拉通具有构造亲缘性,曾是晚泛非期(500 Ma)西伯利亚南缘Sayang-Baikal造山带的组成部分。450Ma之后,已经拼合的中国东北地块群从西伯利亚裂解,向南朝现今的中国东北漂移;230Ma前后,东北地块群沿索伦—西拉沐伦—长春缝合带与华北板块碰撞;210～180 Ma,由于太平洋板块的俯冲导致佳木斯地块与西部松辽地块最终拼贴,沿佳木斯—兴凯地块西缘和南缘形成一弧形高压带(包括佳木斯—兴凯地块西缘黑龙江蓝片岩带和佳木斯—兴凯地块南缘长春—延吉带),这里简称"吉林—黑龙江高压变质带",之后东北地区进入了环太平洋构造域演化阶段并持续至今。     

祁连山东部早古生代地层和沉积－构造演化

笔者报道了在祁连山东部开展早古生代地层和沉积一构造演化研究所获得的最新成果．在生物地层学方面，对祁连山东部寒武纪地层和动物群特征进行了系统的论述，对北祁连山奥陶纪等时地层格架、有关岩石地层单位的含义、时限及分布特征作了补充和修订。在沉积学方面，着重分析了祁连山东部早古生代各种沉积相及环境，特别是晚寒武世大陆裂谷发育中、晚期的火山一沉积环境．在上述基础上，运用板块构造理论提出祁连山东部早古生代沉积－构造演化的新认识．同时，该文亦描述了拉鸡山晚寒武世的４个三叶虫新属．     

Cracking mechanisms during galena mineralization in a sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ore deposit: case study of the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China

There are two types of lead–zinc ore bodies, i.e., sandstone-hosted ores (SHO) and limestone-hosted ores (LHO), in the Jinding giant sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China. Structural analysis suggests that thrust faults and dome structures are the major structural elements controlling lead–zinc mineralization. The two types of ore bodies are preserved in two thrust sheets in a three-layered structural profile in the framework of the Jinding dome structure. The SHO forms the cap of the dome and LHO bodies are concentrated beneath the SHO cap in the central part of the dome. Quartz, feldspar and calcite, and sphalerite, pyrite, and galena are the dominant mineral components in the sandstone-hosted lead–zinc ores. Quartz and feldspar occur as detrital clasts and are cemented by diagenetic calcite and epigenetic sulfides. The sulfide paragenetic sequence during SHO mineralization is from early pyrite to galena and late sphalerite. Galena occurs mostly in two types of cracks, i.e., crescent-style grain boundary cracks along quartz–pyrite, or rarely along pyrite–pyrite boundaries, and intragranular radial cracks in early pyrite grains surrounding quartz clasts. The radial cracks are more or less perpendicular to the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries and do not show any overall (whole rock) orientation pattern. Their distribution, morphological characteristics, and geometrical relationships with quartz and pyrite grains suggest the predominant role of grain-scale cracking. Thermal expansion cracking is one of the most important mechanisms for the generation of open spaces during galena mineralization. Cracking due to heating or cooling by infiltrating fluids resulted from upwelling fluid phases through fluid passes connecting the SHO and LHO bodies, provided significant spaces for crystallization of galena. The differences in coefficients of thermal expansion between pyrite and quartz led to a difference in volume changes between quartz grains and pyrite grains surrounding them and contributed to cracking of the pyrite grains when temperature changed. Combined thermal expansion and elastic mismatch due to heating and subsequent cooling resulted in the radial and crescent cracking in the pyrite grains and along the quartz–pyrite grain boundaries.     

The Control of the Spatial and Temporal Differential Evolution of Boundary Faults on Faulted Basins

The boundary faults of faulted basins generally have segmental growth characteristics. Quantitative analysis of fault growth processes and combined models is of great significance for basin formation and evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation. Taking the Fulongquan fault depression in the southern part of the Songliao Basin as an example, using the 3D seismic data and using the fault-displacement length analysis method, the segmental growth and evolution process of the boundary fault is systematically studied, and the control effect of the spatial and temporal differential evolution of boundary faults on faulted basins is analyzed. The study shows that the segmental growth control of the boundary fault of Fulongquan fault depression forms a series of semi-mantle shoals; the sedimentary center of the Shahezi-Yingcheng fault is controlled to migrate from south to north; The slanting and thrusting activities control the height of the anticline trap; the transformation of the boundary fault property controls the evolution of the basin's tectonic pattern from the tandem semi-mantle to the faulted anticline.     

秦皇岛柳江地区辉绿岩脉特征及其成因

秦皇岛柳江地区辉绿岩脉主要分布于碳酸盐岩出露区的亮甲山、石门寨、潮水峪西北、砂锅店东北、揣庄北、石岭西北、鸡冠山等地,且多以脉状,岩墙、岩床等形式产出。对柳江地区辉绿岩常量元素的分析表明:w(SiO₂)变化较大,且平均值较低;w(FeO+Fe₂O₃)平均值比基性岩类略偏高;w(Al₂O₃)、w(CaO)、w(MgO)、w(K₂O+Na₂O)的平均值均在基性岩类平均值范围内;w(TiO₂)的平均值为1.53%。微量元素富集高场强元素Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf,La/Nb>1,表明岩浆上升过程中受到地壳不同程度的混染;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型图各样品基本一致,呈右倾,稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土较重稀土富集,无明显的Eu异常,反映出岩浆演化过程中分离结晶作用并不明显,样品之间的稀土分馏程度相同。分析结果与研究区辉绿岩的岩相学特征相结合,表明柳江地区辉绿岩属于钾玄岩系列,来自于板内环境。结合研究区大地构造背景,认为研究区辉绿岩脉是钾玄质系列玄武质岩浆沿早期断裂或岩层层面灌入冷凝而形成。     

枣庄地区岩溶地面塌陷成因与防治

枣庄地区第四系覆盖层厚５～１０ｍ,其结构上细下粗,下伏的奥陶系灰岩岩溶裂隙发育,岩溶地面塌陷主要集中在十里泉和丁庄—东王庄这两个最大的水源地。大量抽取地下水使地下水位波动的幅度增大,潜蚀作用增强。当地下水位降至基岩面以下时,上覆土层的浮托力消失,产生失托加荷作用,同时在岩溶洞穴中出现的真空又对土层产生了吸蚀作用,上述各种作用均能破坏土层结构,最终导致地面塌陷。因此,在地面塌陷的防治上可采用调整地下水开采量,把水位波动带控制在基岩面以下,以避免地下水各种作用的破坏;在兴建工程建筑时,避开岩溶裂隙发育地段;对塌陷区及时进行相应的工程治理等。      

豫西后造山阶段存在变质核杂岩吗？

不少学者用变质核杂岩模式解释豫西造山阶段基底隆起和与之相伴的盆岭构造的构造格局。介一本区基底隆起的形态、机制、时限和地壳剥露层次均没有变质核杂岩特征与基底隆起相伴的断陷人舅地也不同于变质核杂岩模式中的半地堑。     

GIS支持下基于可拓物元模型的边坡稳定性评价

边坡稳定性受多方面因素的影响,建立了多指标边坡稳定性评价的可拓物元模型。利用ArcGIS Engine二次开发平台实现了数据采集、数据管理、图形显示和评价结果可视化等功能,在此基础上集成了可拓物元模型分析模块。并通过一个实例进行了从数据录入、可拓物元模型分析到结果可视化显示等一系列操作的应用测试。     

宁夏吴忠市金积水源地地下水水质影响因素的多元统计分析

根据吴忠市金积水源地地下水饮用水用途选择11项水化学指标,采集32个地下水水样进行测试分析及处理。在分析金积水源地地下水流场及水化学特征基础上,综合利用因子分析法和系统聚类分析方法对水质影响因素进行评价,2种方法评价结果基本一致。结果表明,该区地下水水质影响因素主要有：以Cl^-、SO^2-₄、Mg²⁺、NO^-₃、Ca²⁺质量浓度为代表变量的溶滤作用,该作用表现为西强东弱,综合主成分贡献率48.40%;以EC、总硬度及TDS、Na⁺、HCO^-质量浓度为代表变量的蒸发浓缩作用,沿补给区和排泄区作用较强,综合主成分贡献率39.66%;以NH₄-N质量浓度为主要载荷变量的人类活动影响因素,因子得分较高区域与企业分布及排污范围分布一致,综合主成分贡献率11.94%。水质影响因素分布总体表现为黄河沿岸蒸发浓缩作用相对较强;汉渠以北主要受溶滤作用及地下水蒸发浓缩共同影响;南干沟及南干沟入黄河口附近氨氮污染较明显。     

关于下蜀组沉积初期自然环境面貌的初步推断

下蜀组在长江下游分布很广,与农副业生产关系密切,是许多大型工程建筑的地基持力层。虽然几十年来许多地层古生物学工作者做了大量的研究,使之成为晚新生界的典型层位,但对其成因和代表的环境等尚存在分歧看法。本文讨论一例五十年代可能发现于下蜀组底部的、近年来生境研究得十分清楚的生物化石,认为下蜀组沉积初期的环境可能是温湿、低平、多水域的,沉积成因类型可能是水成的。在生物证据不多的情况下,哪怕增加一点点说明问题的生物线索都显得异常珍贵,因为往往生物反映的环境面貌比较地全面和具体。