跨断层形变测量场地图形分析及设计

在分析了青藏体北缘跨以形变测量场地图形状态的基础上,论述了进行优化设计的必要性及新的图形设计的主要内容：（１）以ＧＰＳ控制整个断裂、以水冷、测距、基线、重力等测量手段监测各个场地测点形成的三维地形物重力变化信息;（２）断层水准、重力按新的标石裂线阵设;（３）断层水平形变可根据运动状态的不同,按“走滑型”和“倾滑型”布设;（４）场地水冷、重力定期水准、重力联测,场地水平没距网定期与区域ＧＰＳ网联测,     

青藏高原东北部沙隆卡遗址史前人群活动和生存环境基础

位于黄河上游群尖盆地的沙隆卡遗址是青藏高原东北部目前唯一同时出土旧石器、新石器和青铜文化遗存的遗址,但由于缺乏系统考古发掘和测年工作,该遗址史前人类活动历史及其与生存环境的关系尚不清晰。本文在沙隆卡遗址发掘基础上,系统采集炭屑样品开展碳十四年代测定,建立了沙隆卡遗址年代序列,结合出土的遗存和群尖盆地已发表的研究资料,揭示了史前人群的活动历史。结果显示,史前人群在约8500~7300 cal.a B.P.、约5300~4600 cal.a B.P.、约4100~3900 cal.a B.P.以及约3200~2900 cal.a B.P.在沙隆卡遗址活动。沙隆卡遗址的海拔和地貌特征适合渔猎、粟黍和麦类作物种植,而其所处的群尖盆地海拔高差大的特点也为多种生业模式提供了适宜的自然条件。青藏高原东北部及毗邻地区史前文化的发展是促成不同生业人群在沙隆卡遗址活动的主要因素,而群尖盆地漫滩洪水的频率以及区域气候环境变化,对沙隆卡遗址的人群活动产生影响。本文从沙隆卡遗址史前人类活动与局地-区域尺度环境和文化关系研究入手,为理解青藏高原东北部史前人群活动与生存环境之间的关系提供了新的视角。

     

戈壁沙砾质地表沉积物全粒径分布模式及其对分选作用的指示意义

戈壁地表沉积物组分呈多峰态分布的特征,研究其全粒径分布模式是认识戈壁成因及形成过程的基础。目前粒度分布模式(对数正态分布、Weibull分布等)难以正确表达呈多峰态的沉积物粒度分布特征,本文利用单调递减函数P(d_i)=Cd_i^-μexp(-d_i/Dc),对戈壁地表沉积物粒度的全粒径分布模式进行解析。结果表明:(1)该函数能够反映出戈壁地表沉积物组分的全粒径分布特征,拟合优度R^2>0.99,参数C值范围为52.64～166.75,μ为-0.083～0.108,Dc为0.103～2.336;(2)在分选作用下,以富沙组分为主的戈壁地表,跃移组分含量高,μ值、Dc值偏小,以富砾组分为主的戈壁地表,蠕移及风蚀残余组分含量高,μ值、Dc值偏大;(3)全粒径分布模式参数值可以揭示洪积扇戈壁的分选沉积特征,为解析戈壁地表的成因以及风蚀风积作用提供新的指标参数。     

GPS精密单点定位(静态)影响收敛速度的因素分析

GPS精密单点定位是最近几年发展起来的一项GPS定位新技术,是目前GPS界研究的热点之一.本文简要介绍了GPS精密单点定位的原理,通过对实验数据的处理,计算出利用IGS分析中心提供的五种精密星历和卫星钟差进行单点定位所能达到的精度,又较为详细的分析了影响收敛速度的因素,得出COD的定位精度是最高的,其收敛速度也是最快的,另外减小对流层延迟和GDOP大小对提高收敛速度也是有效的方法.     

柴北缘阿木尼克山滩间山群火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

柴达木盆地北缘阿木尼克山北坡滩间山群火山岩呈带状出露,广泛分布。本文通过对该套火山岩岩石组合、地球化学、锆石测年等研究,查明其岩性以流纹岩、英安质晶屑凝灰岩为主,间有碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩夹层。火山岩相包括溢流相、爆发沉积相。火山岩w(SiO₂)=61.22%～83.88%,属中酸性岩范畴;里特曼指数(δ)均小于3.3,属于钙碱性岩,且A/CNK均小于或等于1.1。火山岩大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba及强不相容元素Th富集,高场强元素Ta、Nb亏损明显。中酸性火山岩稀土总量w(ΣREE)值介于75.58×10^-6～174.10×10^-6,w(LREE)/w(HREE)值介于7.09～13.31间,轻稀土明显富集,重稀土亏损,轻重稀土分馏程度中等到强烈;稀土分配曲线右倾,重稀土部分相对平坦。该区火山岩地球化学特征与赛什腾山地区吻合度很高,说明具有相似的大地构造属性,判断为岛弧环境。英安质晶屑凝灰岩和流纹岩两件样品²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄分别是464.5Ma±8.5Ma、510Ma±15M...     

Gravitational Waves and Gravitational-wave Sourcestwo

The recent discovery of gravitational-wave burst GW150914 marks the coming of a new era of gravitational-wave astronomy, which provides a new window to study the physics of strong gravitational field, extremely massive stars, extremely high energy processes, and extremely early universe. In this article, we introduce the basic characters of gravitational waves in the Einstein's general relativity, their observational effects and main generation mechanisms, including the rotation of neutron stars, evolution of binary systems, and spontaneous generation in the inflation universe. Different sources produce the gravitational waves at quite different frequencies, which can be detected by different methods. In the lowest frequency range (f < 10^?15 Hz), the detection is mainly dependent of the observation of B-mode polarization of cosmic microwave background radiation. In the middle frequency range (10^?9 < f < 10^?6 Hz), the gravitational waves are detected by analyzing the timing residuals of millisecond pulsars. And in the high frequency range (10 ? 4 < f < 10⁴ Hz), they can be detected by the space-based and ground-based laser interferometers. In particular, we focus on the main features, detection methods, detection status, and the future prospects for several important sources, including the continuous sources (e.g., the spinning neutron stars, and stable binary systems), the burst sources (e.g., the supernovae, and the merge of binary system), and the stochastic backgrounds generated by the astrophysical and cosmological process. In addition, we forecast the potential breakthroughs in gravitational-wave astronomy in the near future, and the Chinese projects which might involve in these discoveries.     

不同扰动方式对沙砾质戈壁地表风蚀量的影响

通过野外风洞实验,测定了不同破坏方式、破坏面积和风速下的沙砾质戈壁风蚀量。结果表明：不同破坏方式引起的风蚀量不同,扰动强度越大造成的风蚀量越多;相同扰动方式下连续破坏造成的风蚀量稍高于间隔破坏。风蚀总量随破坏面积的增大而增加,且服从指数函数。风速为8～10 m·s^-1时,扰动的戈壁地表以轻微侵蚀为主;10～12 m·s^-1 是风蚀量增幅最大阶段;当风速大于 12 m·s^-1时,以强烈风蚀为主。风沙流中沙物质的主体是细沙和极细沙,在20 cm高度范围内,自风沙流下层至上层细沙含量比较稳定,极细沙含量逐渐降低,中沙含量逐渐上升。     

Occurrence and hydrogeochemistry of fluoride in alluvial aquifer of Weihe River,China

Fluoride (F^?) has significant impacts on human health. High fluoride groundwater (up to 1.90 mg/L) has been found in upper confined aquifer underlying the first terrace of Weihe River during a hydrogeological investigation for water supply in 2005. To reveal the occurrence and hydrogeochemistry of high F^? groundwater, hydrogeochemical tools such as saturation index, ionic ratios and correlation analysis were used in this study. The study shows that the concentrations of most physiochemical parameters from phreatic water, influenced by intensive evaporation and anthropogenic activities such as unregulated sewage and excreta disposal and agricultural practices in the area, are higher than those of confined water. The F^? concentration in phreatic water is within the acceptable limits set by China and the World Health Organization (WHO), while that of upper confined water shows a decreasing trend northwestward as the Weihe River approaches, with F^? concentration in the first terrace beyond the national and the WHO standards. High F^? groundwater is observed in alkaline environment associated with high Na⁺, pH, HCO₃ ^? and low Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The enrichment of F^? is controlled by geologic and hydrogeological conditions, fluorine-bearing minerals presented in alluvial formations and their dissolution/precipitation under the alkaline environment along groundwater flow. Ion exchange, human activities and the mixing of different recharge waters may influence the enrichment of F^? as well.     

干旱对河西走廊植被净初级生产力的影响

干旱对生态系统碳循环具有重要影响,随着气候变暖,全球干旱事件频率不断上升,研究干旱对植被净初级生产力的影响具有重要意义.提高植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时间分辨率是认识干旱对其影响机制的重要途径.基于5天NDVI遥感数据,以河西走廊为研究区,利用CASA模型估算2010-2015年5天步长尺度的NPP,将5天降水为零定...     

人工神经网络在遥感中的应用与发展

介绍了国内外人工神经网络在遥感领域的应用现状,对神经网络的基本原理、技术优势、应用方法等进行了透视,并结合自己的研究实践,给出了具体的应用事例。