Marine litter prediction by artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence techniques of neural network and fuzzy systems were applied as alternative methods to determine beach litter grading, based on litter surveys of the Antalya coastline (the Turkish Riviera). Litter measurements were categorized and assessed by artificial intelligence techniques, which lead to a new litter categorization system. The constructed neural network satisfactorily predicted the grading of the Antalya beaches and litter categories based on the number of litter items in the general litter category. It has been concluded that, neural networks could be used for high-speed predictions of litter items and beach grading, when the characteristics of the main litter category was determined by field studies. This can save on field effort when fast and reliable estimations of litter categories are required for management or research studies of beaches--especially those concerned with health and safety, and it has economic implications. The main advantages in using fuzzy systems are that they consider linguistic adjectival definitions, e.g. many/few, etc. As a result, additional information inherent in linguistic comments/refinements and judgments made during field studies can be incorporated in grading systems.     

地市天气雷达的选择

根据当前地市天气雷达急需换代的现状，提出雷达换代时应考虑的原则，可作为地市天气雷达换代决策的一个简单明了的指南     

测量学教学方法改革的研究

认为在测量教学方法中应把握“一个实质，两条主线”，一个实质就是确定点的空间位置；两条主线就是测绘与应用地形图和施工测设及其应用。论述了测量学教学方法改革中的一个重要问题，对其重要性和具体方法进行了详细论述，教学实践证明，取得良好效果。     

A geohazard reconnaissance study based on geoscientific information for development needs of the western region of Istanbul (Turkey)

The role of geoenvironmental information is becoming increasingly important as legislative changes have forced developers and planning authorities to consider more implications and impact on the environment of large-scale development initiatives. Therefore, integration of surface and subsurface geoscientific information for development needs has prime importance and provides a means of identifying potential problems and opportunities at an early stage in any planned development. However, from the experience of recent natural disasters, it is evident that this was not case the taken into consideration in many countries. In addition to thousands of casualties, many urbanized areas, industrial districts and large-scale engineering structures suffered severe damages from the natural hazards due to many reasons including the lack of preliminary engineering geological maps and zoning maps of the settlement areas. Turkey is one of the countries which is exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides and floods. In particular, the devastating 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, which affected the Marmara Region of Turkey, focused the attention on densely urbanized and industrialized metropolitan areas such as Istanbul. The rapid growth of Istanbul, particularly towards west with minimal geoscientific information resulted in an overwhelming pressure on the natural environment. In addition, a large earthquake, which is expected to occur in the Marmara Sea within the next 30 years, also pose a threat to the city and its surroundings. In this study, on the basis of the geological, geomorphological and geophysical reconnaissance study, an integrated geoscientific data were collected from the western region of Istanbul and evaluated for geohazards. The paper focuses on the geological and geomorphological aspects that control the occurrence of some geohazards such as earthquake-induced liquefaction, landslides and flooding. In this context, the geological map of the region was revised and Quaternary deposits were classified into 11 units, in detail. Liquefaction-prone areas were evaluated by using geomorphological criteria based on field investigation, by the examination of the available records from 88 boreholes drilled on recent deposits and by the data from resistivity profiles. The landslides within the region were classified according to their type, relative depth and activity. In addition, fluvial and marine flood-prone areas were also delimited within the region. Finally, a series of maps such as landslide inventory maps, and maps showing liquefaction- and flood-prone areas were produced with the aid of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assist in designing further detailed site investigations and to reduce costs by ensuring a more focused approach to strategic planning and site selection.     

环境地理信息系统的发展思路

简要介绍环境地理信息系统的概念和它的基本功能,列举环境地理信息系统在环境管理中的应用,对国内外环境地理信息系统的研究热点和方向进行阐述并提出发展环境地理信息系统的策略和建议。     

糯性植物用于北京古北口明长城建筑粘合剂的淀粉粒证据

本文通过对北京古北口蟠龙山段明长城城墙砖缝间粘合剂样品的碘-淀粉实验和淀粉粒分析,发现长城粘合剂样品中残留有植物淀粉粒,碘-淀粉实验显红棕色,表明淀粉以支链淀粉为主,具糯性;镜下检测到的淀粉粒具十字消光特征,粒径大于l0μm,具有粟类淀粉粒的一些形态特征.进一步通过对现代小米的糊化过程实验和淀粉粒形态变化对比分析,表明长城粘合剂样品中观察到的淀粉粒与现代小米加热后糊化-半糊化的淀粉粒相似.本研究发现了长城粘合剂中粘性植物添加料的直接证据,与史料记载的一些古建筑所使用的“糯米灰浆”有相似之处,但添加植物显然不是糯米.本研究丰富了对古代粘性植物材料的认识,为了解我国明代长城的建筑工艺及文物保护提供了依据.     

A Comparative Study for 3D Surface Modeling of Coal Deposit by Spatial Interpolation Approaches

The planning stages of mining require comprehensive and detailed analyses. The proper determination of the orebody boundary is one of the most important points to provide optimum model structure and projections. The limits can be determined by different methods based on the site geology. Although some three dimensional (3D) models were proposed for providing detailed information concerning a mine deposit, developing a solid model via a 3D approach is novelty. In other words, surface modeling should be performed for creating a solid model and determining limits of the deposit. In this way, sensible generation of the surface model can be achieved. This study investigated the estimation capability of the polynomial approach, which is a novel spatial interpolation method, for modeling a coal deposit surface. The performance of the proposed model was compared with some conventional methods in the literature. The results showed that the polynomial interpolation method is an effective method to employ for surface modeling of a mine deposit.     

浙江中部芙蓉山花岗斑岩及包体岩石地球化学研究

花岗岩的源区、温压条件及与其他岩石的共生组合的研究可以限定其形成构造背景,了解其形成的深部动力学过程。本文对浙江中部中生代芙蓉山花岗斑岩及其暗色包体开展了全岩主微量元素、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素、Ti温度计和全岩Sr-Nd同位素研究,探讨芙蓉山花岗斑岩的成因类型、源区特征及其与镁铁质包体之间的关系,并进一步限定其构造背景。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示芙蓉山花岗斑岩加权平均年龄为133.6±1.6 Ma (MSWD = 2.1,2σ),镁铁质包体加权平均年龄为130.3±4.2 Ma (MSWD = 5.8,2σ),其成岩年龄基本一致,形成于早白垩世。全岩地球化学表明芙蓉山花岗斑岩属于亚碱性系列,同时具有低的Ga/Al(<2.6),高的Na2O含量(2.75%-4.5%,平均3.78%),较高的全碱含量(Na2O + K2O = 7.93%-8.75%),以及较低的锆石Ti饱和温度特征（631-690℃）,这些特征显示芙蓉山花岗斑岩为I型花岗岩,而非A型花岗岩。芙蓉山花岗斑岩中锆石Hf同位素有比较大的范围[εHf(t)=-10.9~-1.1],全岩[n(87Sr)/ n(86Sr)]i = 0.7062-0.7078,相对富集的εNd(t)=-5.6 ~ -4.7值;而包体表现为均一的[n(87Sr)/ n(86Sr)]i=0.7071-0.7079和弱富集的εNd(t)=-3.8 ~-2.8特征。野外及岩相学和元素地球化学特征显示典型的岩浆混合特征。镁铁质包体源区可能来自于俯冲交代地幔,芙蓉山花岗斑岩则形成于古老富钾地壳熔体和交代地幔熔体混合后的结晶分异。混合模型计算表明混合比例为：~80%的地幔端元和~ 20%地壳端元。浙江中部芙蓉山富钾I型花岗斑岩与镁铁质包体共生可能指示其形成于古太平洋板块俯冲后撤初始弱伸展拉张的构造背景。