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31.
32.
Alexander B Verchovsky and Mark A Sephton review the origins and significance of noble gases in meteorites, focusing on what this unique record reveals about the early solar system. 相似文献
33.
The Karst Feature Database (KFD) of Minnesota is a relational GIS-based Database Management System (DBMS). Previous karst feature datasets used inconsistent attributes to describe karst features in different areas of Minnesota. Existing metadata were modified and standardized to represent a comprehensive metadata for all the karst features in Minnesota. Microsoft Access 2000 and ArcView 3.2 were used to develop this working database. Existing county and sub-county karst feature datasets have been assembled into the KFD, which is capable of visualizing and analyzing the entire data set. By November 17 2002, 11,682 karst features were stored in the KFD of Minnesota. Data tables are stored in a Microsoft Access 2000 DBMS and linked to corresponding ArcView applications. The current KFD of Minnesota has been moved from a Windows NT server to a Windows 2000 Citrix server accessible to researchers and planners through networked interfaces. 相似文献
34.
Yuri D Zakharov Alexander M Popov Galina I Buryi 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2005,16(3):219-230
INTRODUCTION LateOlenekianandAnisianmarinedepositsin SouthPrimoryewerefirststudiedbyD.L.Ivanov,thechiefofageologicalteammakingreconnaissance workfortheconstructionofthetrans Siberianrail road.HecollectedEarlyandMiddleTriassicam monoidsonRussianIsland.Arep… 相似文献
35.
Richard Herrington Valeriy Maslennikov Victor Zaykov Igor Seravkin Alexander Kosarev Bernd Buschmann Jean-Jacques Orgeval Nicola Holland Svetlana Tesalina Paolo Nimis Robin Armstrong 《Ore Geology Reviews》2005,27(1-4):203
VMS deposits of the South Urals developed within the evolving Urals palaeo-ocean between Silurian and Late Devonian times. Arc-continent collision between Baltica and the Magnitogorsk Zone (arc) in the south-western Urals effectively terminated submarine volcanism in the Magnitogorsk Zone with which the bulk of the VMS deposits are associated. The majority of the Urals VMS deposits formed within volcanic-dominated sequences in deep seawater settings. Preservation of macro and micro vent fauna in the sulphide bodies is both testament to the seafloor setting for much of the sulphides but also the exceptional degree of preservation and lack of metamorphic overprint of the deposits and host rocks. The deposits in the Urals have previously been classified in terms of tectonic setting, host rock associations and metal ratios in line with recent tectono-stratigraphic classifications. In addition to these broad classes, it is clear that in a number of the Urals settings, an evolution of the host volcanic stratigraphy is accompanied by an associated change in the metal ratios of the VMS deposits, a situation previously discussed, for example, in the Noranda district of Canada.Two key structural settings are implicated in the South Urals. The first is seen in a preserved marginal allochthon west of the Main Urals Fault where early arc tholeiites host Cu–Zn mineralization in deposits including Yaman Kasy, which is host to the oldest macro vent fauna assembly known to science. The second tectonic setting for the South Urals VMS is the Magnitogorsk arc where study has highlighted the presence of a preserved early forearc assemblage, arc tholeiite to calc-alkaline sequences and rifted arc bimodal tholeiite sequences. The boninitc rocks of the forearc host Cu–(Zn) and Cu–Co VMS deposits, the latter hosted in fragments within the Main Urals Fault Zone (MUFZ) which marks the line of arc-continent collision in Late Devonian times. The arc tholeiites host Cu–Zn deposits with an evolution to more calc-alkaline felsic volcanic sequences matched with a change to Zn–Pb–Cu polymetallic deposits, often gold-rich. Large rifts in the arc sequence are filled by thick bimodal tholeiite sequences, themselves often showing an evolution to a more calc-alkaline nature. These thick bimodal sequences are host to the largest of the Cu–Zn VMS deposits.The exceptional degree of preservation in the Urals has permitted the identification of early seafloor clastic and hydrolytic modification (here termed halmyrolysis sensu lato) to the sulphide assemblages prior to diagenesis and this results in large-scale modification to the primary VMS body, resulting in distinctive morphological and mineralogical sub-types of sulphide body superimposed upon the tectonic association classification.It is proposed that a better classification of seafloor VMS systems is thus achievable using a three stage classification based on (a) tectonic (hence bulk volcanic chemistry) association, (b) local volcanic chemical evolution within a single edifice and (c) seafloor reworking and halmyrolysis. 相似文献
36.
Origin of low-Ca pyroxene in amoeboid olivine aggregates: Evidence from oxygen isotopic compositions
Alexander N. Krot Timothy J. Fagan Kazuhide Nagashima Hisayoshi Yurimoto 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(7):1873-1881
Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) in primitive carbonaceous chondrites consist of forsterite (Fa<2), Fe,Ni-metal, spinel, Al-diopside, anorthite, and rare gehlenitic melilite (Åk<15). ∼10% of AOAs contain low-Ca pyroxene (Fs1-3Wo1-5) that is in corrosion relationship with forsterite and is found in three major textural occurrences: (i) thin (<15 μm) discontinuous layers around forsterite grains or along forsterite grain boundaries in AOA peripheries; (ii) 5-10-μm-thick haloes and subhedral grains around Fe,Ni-metal nodules in AOA peripheries, and (iii) shells of variable thickness (up to 70 μm), commonly with abundant tiny (3-5 μm) inclusions of Fe,Ni-metal grains, around AOAs. AOAs with the low-Ca pyroxene shells are compact and contain euhedral grains of Al-diopside surrounded by anorthite, suggesting small (10%-20%) degree of melting. AOAs with other textural occurrences of low-Ca pyroxene are rather porous. Forsterite grains in AOAs with low-Ca pyroxene have generally 16O-rich isotopic compositions (Δ17O < −20‰). Low-Ca pyroxenes of the textural occurrences (i) and (ii) are 16O-enriched (Δ17O < −20‰), whereas those of (iii) are 16O-depleted (Δ17O = −6‰ to −4‰). One of the extensively melted (>50%) objects is texturally and mineralogically intermediate between AOAs and Al-rich chondrules. It consists of euhedral forsterite grains, pigeonite, augite, anorthitic mesostasis, abundant anhedral spinel grains, and minor Fe,Ni-metal; it is surrounded by a coarse-grained igneous rim largely composed of low-Ca pyroxene with abundant Fe,Ni-metal-sulfide nodules. The mineralogical observations suggest that only spinel grains in this igneous object were not melted. The spinel is 16O-rich (Δ17O ∼ −22‰), whereas the neighboring plagioclase mesostasis is 16O-depleted (Δ17O ∼ −11‰).We conclude that AOAs are aggregates of solar nebular condensates (forsterite, Fe,Ni-metal, and CAIs composed of Al-diopside, anorthite, spinel, and ±melilite) formed in an 16O-rich gaseous reservoir, probably CAI-forming region(s). Solid or incipiently melted forsterite in some AOAs reacted with gaseous SiO in the same nebular region to form low-Ca pyroxene. Some other AOAs appear to have accreted 16O-poor pyroxene-normative dust and experienced varying degrees of melting, most likely in chondrule-forming region(s). The most extensively melted AOAs experienced oxygen isotope exchange with 16O-poor nebular gas and may have been transformed into chondrules. The original 16O-rich signature of the precursor materials of such chondrules is preserved only in incompletely melted grains. 相似文献
37.
Alexander Likholyot 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(12):2949-2958
We have studied thermochemistry of the first hydration steps for Cl−, Br−, and I− in the gas phase both experimentally using high-pressure mass spectrometry (HPMS) and theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The highest hydration steps measured experimentally were n = 8 for Cl−, n = 7 for Br−, and n = 5 for I−, all of them being higher than previously reported. Both experimental and theoretical stepwise enthalpies and entropies of hydration for these halides exhibited non-monotonic behavior for successive hydration steps that was not reported in previous HPMS investigations of these reactions. This behavior can be successfully interpreted using halide water cluster geometries obtained from DFT calculations by considering the number of additional hydrogen bonds formed at each hydration step and simultaneous weakening of ion-solvent interaction with increasing cluster size. Results of DFT calculations for surface cluster geometries agree better with experimental results than do the results for interior cluster geometries. We conclude that predominantly surface clusters were observed in our experiments and that small surface clusters have larger number of possible isomers than the interior clusters of the same size. The results for enthalpies of hydration for the studied halide ions lead to the conclusion that ion-solvent interaction is stronger than solvent-solvent interaction for chloride-water clusters. The difference between the two types of interaction diminishes with increasing anion size. The ion-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions are of nearly equal magnitude for iodide. 相似文献
38.
Currently used and newly proposed calculation techniques for the heightof the stable boundary layer (SBL), including the bulk-Richardson-numbermethod, diagnostic equations for the equilibrium SBL height, and a relaxation-typeprognostic equation, are discussed from the point of view of their physical basis andrelevance to experimental data. Among diagnostic equations, the best fit to data exhibits an advanced Ekman-layer height model derived recently with due regard to the role of the free-flow stability. Its extension to non-steady regimes provides a prognostic equation recommended for use in practical applications. 相似文献
39.
Yuri D. Zakharov Yasunari Shiget Kazushige Tanabe Yasuhiro I Olga P. Smyshlyaev Ekaterina A. Sokolov Alexer M. Popov Tatiana A. Velivetskay Tamara B. Afanasyeva 《《地质学报》英文版》2007,81(6):1049-1069
Paleoclimatic settings have been reconstructed for the Campanian using original oxygen-isotopic analyses of well-preserved molluskan and foraminifera shells from Russian Far East, Hokkaido, USA, Belgium and some DSDP holes (95, 98, 102, 390A, and 392A) in North Atlantic. Early Early Campanian climatic optimum has been recognized from data on high bottom shelf water paleotemperatures in middle latitudes of both the western circum-Pacific (to 24.2°C) and the eastern circum-Pacific (to 26.4°C) areas and high bottom shallow water paleotemperatures in high latitudes of the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), which agrees with the data on the Campanian Barykovskaya flora in high latitudes (Golovneva and Herman, 1998) and Jonker flora and its equivalents in middle latitudes. Judging from the data on comparatively high bottom shallow water paleotemperature values in high latitudes, South Alaska (19.4°C) and the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), we also expect Latest Campanian temperature maximum, which has not been confirmed, however, for low and middle latitudes by neither of isotopic nor paleobotanic data now. Main climatic tendency during the Campanian (with the exception of Latest Campanian) has been learned from isotopic composition of Campanian aragonitic ammonoid shells from the Hokkaido-South Sakhalin (Krilyon) marine basin. In contrary to Huber’s et al. (2002) assumption, we expect warm greenhouse conditions during the most part of the Campanian. 相似文献
40.
Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induces rapid ecological changes in alpine lakes of the Colorado Front Range (USA) 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
Recent sediments from two alpine lakes (> 3300 m asl) in the Colorado Front Range (USA) register marked and near-synchronous changes that are believed to represent ecological responses to enhanced atmospheric deposition of fixed nitrogen from anthropogenic sources. Directional shifts in sediment proxies include greater representations of mesotrophic diatoms and increasingly depleted 15N values. These trends are particularly pronounced since ~ 1950, and appear to chronicle lake responses to excess N derived from agricultural and industrial sources to the east. The rate and magnitude of recent ecological changes far exceed the context of natural variability, as inferred from comparative analyses of a long core capturingthe entire 14,000-year postglacial history of one of the lakes. Nitrogen deposition to these seemingly pristine natural areas has resulted in subtle but detectable limnological changes that likely represent the beginning of a stronger response to nitrogen enrichment. 相似文献