中国西南河流碳、氮运移机制及其对水文条件变化的响应:以西江为例

流域碳、氮的生物地球化学循环过程关联着区域/全球尺度的气候变化,同时受到气候条件变化的影响。本次研究以我国西南喀斯特地区的西江为例,通过时间序列的高频次样品采集和分析,揭示水文条件变化对河流碳、氮动态变化的影响及其控制机制。结果表明,在高流量条件下,化学风化的加速、土壤CO2的汇入及流域内有机质的降解导致了水体δ13CDIC偏负,碳酸盐矿物的快速风化致使河水HCO3-浓度表现出强烈的"化学稳定性";对DIC、δ13CDIC、流量、温度的联合分析表明,矿物溶解、土壤CO2的汇入与河流中有机质降解的共同作用导致了西江河水碳动态的季节变化;河水NO3-浓度在高流量条件下并未表现出明显的稀释效应,反应了人为输入和化学转化过程对NO3-浓度的影响;硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分析结果表明,西江NO3-来源受人为活动影响较大,主要转化过程为硝化作用;同位素和水化学证据表明碳酸、硫酸、硝酸共同参与流域岩石化学风化,雨季外源酸参与风化的减弱是河流中HCO3-稀释的重要原因。     

从水体到沉积物:探寻有机质的沉积过程及其意义

自然界中有机质分布广泛、类型多样且性质各异,不论在水体还是在沉积物(岩)中都扮演着重要的角色。因此,探讨各类型有机质聚集和沉积过程的差异性,对深化认识有机质沉积特征和演化规律具有重要的意义。生物体在生长过程中产生了许多有机质,包括生物体自身、生物残体、动物排泄物以及生物分泌的有机分子等,各类型有机质的性质差异极大。由于研究方法的不同,可将海洋中有机质划分为颗粒有机质(particulate organic matter,POM)和溶解有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM),而DOM又可划分为胶体有机质(colloidal organic matter,COM)和真溶解有机质;从聚合体形式上看,又有海雪和悬浮体等存在形式。进一步分析发现有机质的形态包括生物体、生物残体、排泄物和有机质聚合体等,并且各类型有机质与无机矿物以不同的形式共存。此外,DOM与POM间存在一定的转化关系。这些性质和特征架起了不同类型有机质间聚集和沉积的桥梁。在沉积物(岩)中通过粒度或密度分级分离及孢粉相分析,也发现不同类型的有机质,如生物体、生物残体和无定形等,它们常与特定的无机矿物共生,如无定形多富集在黏粒级颗粒中,而生物体和生物残体多富集在粗颗粒中。进一步溯源发现沉积物(岩)中的各类有机质与生物有机质或海洋中有机质的类型极具相似性,这些特征展现各类型有机质在沉积过程中的差异性。综合有机质的形态、性质以及与矿物共生关系,认为有机质可通过机械沉积、化学沉积和生物沉积等3种不同的方式沉积保存,其中机械沉积的有机质以惰性的生物残体为主,化学沉积的有机质以活性极强的无定形为主,生物沉积有机质以活性较强的微生物和粘附物为主。有机质沉积方式及有机质特征、矿物—有机质间关系和保存条件的差异,决定了有机质的演化命运的不同,进而对有机质生烃以及碳循环产生重要的影响,因而应引起人们的高度关注。     

内蒙古巴彦浩特盆地及其南缘上石炭统太原组烃源岩有机地球化学

内蒙古巴彦浩特盆地广泛发育上石炭统太原组煤系烃源岩.在野外地质勘查、典型剖面实测、样品采集及实验分析基础上,开展了有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度等有机地球化学特征分析与研究,初步对其生烃潜力进行评价.结果表明：太原组烃源岩有机质丰度高,热演化程度属于成熟—高成熟演化阶段,具备较好的页岩气气源条件.通过多因素叠加分析的方法,圈定了页岩气成藏有利区3处,分别是北部的查干布拉格有利区、通古勒格淖尔嘎查－伊克尔嘎查苏木有利区和南部的下河沿－营盘水有利区.     

北黄海盆地东部坳陷勘探突破对我国近海残留“黑色侏罗系”油气勘探的启示

最新的勘探和研究证实,北黄海盆地东部坳陷发育了中、上侏罗统2套有效烃源岩并以上侏罗统为主力烃源岩层,在其供烃范围内形成了上侏罗统-下白垩统"下生上储式"和中-上侏罗统"自生自储式"2类成藏组合,取得了我国东部海域以侏罗系为唯一源岩的含油气盆地勘探突破。为进一步探索我国近海盆地残留"黑色侏罗系"的资源潜力和勘探前景,本文采用地震-地质综合解释、烃源岩地球化学分析、盆地模拟等方法,综合分析了我国近海主要盆地残留"黑色侏罗系"的分布和地球化学特征。结果表明,我国近海残留侏罗系暗色泥岩烃源岩非均质性较强,多属"中等"级别,局部发育"中等-好"、"中等-差"级别烃源岩,侏罗系烃源岩大多存在早（J₃-K₁）、晚（E₂末-N₁）2期生、排烃高峰,生烃总量达1.4×10¹¹ t,资源前景乐观,预测可形成侏罗系"自生自储式"和侏罗系-白垩系（或新生界）"下生上储式"2类源储组合。     

由下扬子区海陆对比分析南黄海盆地下志留统烃源岩特征及其主控因素

针对南黄海盆地海相油气勘探的重大需求,在收集、整理下扬子苏、浙、皖地区地质和地化资料的基础上,依托科学钻探CSDP-2井岩心,系统对比了南黄海盆地与下扬子陆区早志留世古地理背景和沉积充填特征,进而利用一系列地化测试数据总结了南黄海盆地下志留统烃源岩特征并探讨其主控因素。研究结果表明：南黄海盆地大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井目前已钻遇了坟头组和高家边组上部两套丰度很低的厚层、暗色（粉砂质）泥岩,其有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₂型,热演化程度已整体进入过成熟阶段;受控于全球海侵事件和扬子板块构造活动的发展阶段,早志留世初期深水陆棚环境逐渐向后期的浅水陆棚环境演变,加之早期较高的初级生产力和良好的保存条件,使得下扬子区高家边组下部烃源岩的品质明显高于上部,并以底部黑色笔石页岩段有机质丰度最高。因此,南黄海盆地高家边组底部理应存在一套优质烃源岩层,可作为下一步页岩气勘探的重点层位。     

南黄海海相油气勘探前景探讨与问题分析

南黄海海域的中、古生代海相油气前景广阔,是重要的油气战略接替基地。由于多期构造运动的改造作用,原型盆地遭受强烈破坏,地质构造复杂,地球物理勘探精度低,造成对地层与构造认识不清,油气分布规律不明。针对勘探中面临的主要问题,提出的主要对策是：重点开展地球物理勘探技术创新研究与攻关试验工作,提高方法技术的适用性与有效性;在大地构造理论的指导下,重点开展多期构造活动背景下有效烃源岩、储层、保存条件等因素的研究工作,对区域油气地质条件优越且地层、岩性等特征存在争议的局部构造实施科学钻探等。     

时间域航空电磁系统探测深度研究

时间域航空电磁系统探测深度与采样时间、发射磁矩、大地电导率、仪器背景噪声和灵敏度等诸多因素相关。本文基于时间域航空电磁一维正演对时间域航空电磁系统探测深度进行研究。正演算法从麦克斯韦方程出发,结合准静态近似条件,得到一维层状介质上空中心回线频率域电磁场响应的垂直分量,并采用汉克尔积分进行计算,进而通过时-频变换获得时间域电磁场响应。探测深度研究参考仪器背景噪声水平,通过设定最小可识别信号阈值（本文设定为系统背景噪声三倍）获取最大可探测分离时间,进而利用该分离时间结合平均电导率求取最大探测深度。最后本文以VTEM系统为例,对不同层状介质模型以及不同发射磁矩、背景噪声、发射脉宽和飞行高度下的时间域航空电磁系统最大探测深度进行分析和讨论。     

Influence of initial state and intermediate principal stress on undrained behavior of soft clay during pure principal stress rotation

It is important to be fully aware of the dynamic characteristics of saturated soft clays under complex loading conditions in practice. In this paper, a series of undrained tests for soft clay consolidated with different initial major principal stress direction ξ were conducted by a hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA). The clay samples were subjected to pure principal stress rotation as the magnitudes of the mean total stress p, intermediate principal stress coefficient b, and deviator stress q were all maintained constant. The influences of intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction on the variation of strain components, generation of pore water pressure, cyclic degradation and non-coaxiality were investigated. The experimental observations indicated that the strain components of specimen were affected by both intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction. The generation of the pore water pressure was significantly influenced by intermediate principal stress coefficient. However, the generation of pore water pressure was merely influenced by initial major principal stress direction when b?=?0.5. It was also noted that the torsional stress–strain relationships were affected by the number of cycles, and the effect of intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction on the torsional stress–strain loops were also significant. Stiffness degradation occur under pure principal stress rotation. Anisotropic behavior resulting from the process of inclined consolidation have considerable effects on the strain components and non-coaxial behavior of soft clay.

     

Micromechanism of the diffusion of cement-based grouts in porous media under two hydraulic operating conditions: constant flow rate and constant pressure

Acta Geotechnica - Cement-based grout has been widely used in various civil engineering applications. The diffusion of cement-based grouts in porous media is an important issue in soil sealing and...     

Study of the interaction between dry granular flows and rigid barriers with an SPH model

This study uses an incompressible smoothed‐particle hydrodynamics model to investigate the interaction between dry granular material flows and rigid barriers. The primary aim is to summarise some practical guidelines for the design of debris‐resisting barriers. The granular materials are modelled as a rigid‐perfectly plastic material where the plastic flow corresponds to the critical state. The coupled continuity equation and momentum equation are solved by a semi‐implicit algorithm. Compared with flows in controlled flume experiments, the model adequately reproduces both the kinetic of the flows and the impact force under various conditions. Then the numerical simulations are used to study the detailed interaction process. It is illustrated quantitatively that the interaction force consists of two parts, ie, the earth pressure force caused by the weight of the soil and a dynamic force caused by the internal deformation (flowing mass on top of a dead zone). For the estimation of impact load, this study suggests that an increased earth pressure coefficient depending on the Froude number should be incorporated into the hydrostatic model.