Severe heat waves in Southern Australia: synoptic climatology and large scale connections

This paper brings a new perspective on the large scale dynamics of severe heat wave (HW) events that commonly affect southern Australia. Through an automatic tracking scheme, the cyclones and anticyclones associated with HWs affecting Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth are tracked at both the surface and upper levels, producing for the first time a synoptic climatology that reveals the broader connections associated with these extreme phenomena. The results show that a couplet (or pressure dipole) formed by transient cyclones and anticyclones can reinforce the HW similarly to what is observed in cold surges (CS), with an obvious opposite polarity. Our results show that there is a large degree of mobility in the synoptic signature associated with the passage of the upper level ridges before they reach Australia and the blocking is established, with HW-associated surface anticyclones often initiating over the west Indian Ocean and decaying in the eastern Pacific. In contrast to this result the 500?hPa anticyclone tracks show a very small degree of mobility, responding to the dominance of the upper level blocking ridge. An important feature of HWs is that most of the cyclones are formed inland in association with heat troughs, while in CS the cyclones are typically maritime (often explosive), associated with a strong cold front. Hence the influence of the cyclone is indirect, contributing to reinforce the blocking ridge through hot and dry advection on the ridge’s western flank. Additional insights are drawn for the record Adelaide case of March 2008 with fifteen consecutive days above 35°C breaking the previous record by 7?days. Sea surface temperatures suggest a significant air-sea interaction mechanism, with a broad increase in the meridional temperature gradient over the Indian Ocean amplifying the upstream Rossby waves that can trigger HW events. A robust cooling of the waters close to the Australian coast also contributes to the maintenance of the blocking highs locally, which is a fundamental ingredient to sustain the HWs.     

夏季南海台风移动路径的一种客观预报方法

以1960—2003年共44a夏季的7月、8月、9月西行进入南海海域的台风样本为基础,综合考虑南海台风移动路径的气候持续因子和数值预报产品物理量因子,运用条件数方法选取因子并建立回归方程,进行台风路径预报模型的预报建模研究。通过对比分析发现,基于条件数方法的南海台风移动路径模型具有较好的预报效果,7月、8月、9月3个月24h台风路径预报的平均距离误差为153．9km,预报能力明显高于目前国内外的其他一些台风路径客观预报方法。该方法的预报精度相对于逐步回归方法有了很大的提高,相对于气候持续法也为正的预报技巧水平。     

以树轮宽度重建秦岭中段分水岭地区1-7月平均气温

根据秦岭中段分水岭地区秦岭落叶松树轮宽度指标,建立了该地区1814-2003年的树轮标准化年表。分析表明,该地标准化年表与当年1-7月平均气温显著相关。在此基础上设计转换方程,利用多元回归技术重建了秦岭中段分水岭地区的1-7月平均气温,重建序列的方差解释量为41.2% (F=15.062, p＜0.0001),重建序列显示在过去190 a中气温较低的时段主要有1814-1850年和1876-1889年;偏暖期主要有1851-1875年和1890-1933年;而1934-1990年这一时期气温变化幅度较小,气温相对比较稳定;1990年之后升温明显。     

卢氏县暴雨趋势预报方法探讨

利用卢氏站1952-2005年汛期7-8月暴雨日资料,分析了暴雨发生时的单站要素和能量变化特征,结果表明:强降水开始前,单站气温高、气压低、饱和差大,降水开始时气温降低、气压升高、饱和差减小;强降水开始前,低空西南急流不断为暴雨区上空输送高温、高湿空气,使这一地区积聚了大量的不稳定能量,暴雨一般出现在高能舌附近850 hPa θse较密集的能量锋区上.根据上述要素变化特征及不同影响系统,筛选出不同系统影响时的预报指标,建立了卢氏单站暴雨预报模式.     

An analysis of the spatial pattern of summer persistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall regime in Guizhou Province of Southwest China and the control factors

In this study, we investigated spatial and temporal variation patterns of persistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall events in Guizhou Province of southwest China during 1951–2004. We first performed conventional frequency analysis using the annual maximum daily series at 36 weather stations fit to log-normal distribution curves. Then, we examined the frequencies of moderate-to-heavy rainfall events (>?=?20 mm/day) and persistent rainfall events (10–day running sum >?=?100 mm) during the summer season (June through August). Using principal component analysis, we identified various spatial patterns of the rainfall regime and macroscale atmospheric conditions that influence these patterns. It was found that a minor mode of variation in the 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly field over East Asia (the third principal component) had a very good relationship to the dominant regional precipitation regime (Spearman’s correlation coefficient?=?–0.623). This mode of circulation represents the N–S variation of the upper-air pressure gradients over East Asia. During its positive phase, the pressure gradient south of 40°N is reduced and accompanied by a ridge over the East China coast, while the pressure gradient north of this latitude is enhanced. Correspondingly, the study region experiences fewer persistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall events. In its negative phase, the pattern in the 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly field is reversed and the study region experiences more persistent moderate-to-heavy rainfall events. This circulation mode is related to both East Asian and Indian summer monsoons. It is also associated with the northward intrusion of the West Pacific subtropical high, the size of the circumpolar vortex over the Pacific, and the impact of the Tibetan Plateau.     

我国双线偏振雷达探测理论及应用研究

在１９８４～１９９５年期间，中国科学院兰州高原大气物理研究所研制完成了我国第一部Ｃ波段双线偏振雷达系统，并首先在国内开展了双线偏振雷达探测理论及应用研究，取得了一些成果，可供雷达气象及相关部门参考。     

基于多种边界层方案的天津PM2.5集合预报试验

基于大气化学模式WRF/Chem采用4种边界层方案（YSU,BL,MYJ和MYN3）模拟2015年全年天津地区细颗粒物质量浓度演变趋势,分析不同边界层方案对天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度模拟和预报的影响,并构建多种边界层方案的集合预报产品,以期提高天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度预报效果。结果表明:大气化学模式的4种边界层方案在空气质量模拟中均有较好的适用性,PM_2.5模拟值与观测值相关系数达到0.76左右,晴空和大风天气BL方案表现较优,阴天和小风天气YSU和MYJ方案表现优于其他两种方案,综合所有过程没有任何单一方案具有显著优势。基于上述原因,该文开展多种边界层方案的天津空气质量集合预报试验,经过对2015年全年模拟值分析,多边界层方案和多气溶胶机制扰动的集合预报可以减小PM_2.5质量浓度预报的相对误差和均方根误差,降低重污染天气预报的漏报率,提升空气质量等级预报能力,在计算资源得到保证的基础上,是一种可以提升数值模式PM_2.5质量浓度预报能力的有效手段。     

Dynamical greenhouse-plus feedback and polar warming amplification. Part II: meridional and vertical asymmetries of the global warming

This paper examines several prominent thermodynamic and dynamic factors responsible for the meridional and vertical warming asymmetries using a moist coupled atmosphere–surface radiative transportive four-box climate model. A coupled atmosphere–surface feedback analysis is formulated to isolate the direct response to an anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing from individual local feedbacks (water vapor, evaporation, surface sensible heat flux, and ice-albedo), and from the non-local dynamical feedback. Both the direct response and response to water vapor feedback are stronger in low latitudes. The joint effect of the ice-albedo and dynamical greenhouse-plus feedbacks acts to amplify the high latitude surface warming whereas both the evaporation and dynamical greenhouse-minus feedbacks cause a reduction of the surface warming in low latitudes. The enhancement (reduction) of local feedbacks in high (low) latitudes in response to the non-local dynamic feedback further strengthens the polar amplification of the surface warming. Both the direct response and response to water vapor feedback lead to an increase of lapse rate in both low and high latitudes. The stronger total dynamic heating in the mean state in high latitudes is responsible for a larger increase of lapse rate in high latitudes in the direct response and response to water vapor feedback. The local evaporation and surface sensible heat flux feedbacks reduce the lapse rate both in low and high latitudes through cooling the surface and warming the atmosphere. The much stronger evaporation feedback leads to a final warming in low latitudes that is stronger in the atmosphere than the surface.     

风暴尺度集合预报中的混合初始扰动方法及其在北京2012年“7.21”暴雨预报中的应用

风暴尺度集合预报系统（Storm-Scale Ensemble Forecast system,简称SSEFs）中集合成员之间发散度不足一直都是研究的难点。本文尝试了将Barnes空间滤波融入到集合转换卡尔曼滤波（ETKF）更新预报系统中的混合初值扰动法。该方案将ETKF方法的小尺度信息与来自于侧边界条件扰动的大尺度信息相结合,缓解了扰动在侧边界不匹配的问题。通过2012年北京“7.21”暴雨并使用邻位方法对比分析了不同初值扰动方案在不同时间尺度与空间尺度上的特征,在此基础上进一步探讨了构造混合初始扰动法的可行性。结果表明:ETKF试验所构造的初始扰动无法与侧边界条件扰动相匹配,混合后的初始扰动可以有效缓解SSEFs中由于初始扰动与侧边界扰动不匹配产生的虚假波动,其中大尺度信息保留较多的混合试验（ETKF80）和动力降尺度方案（Down）在减少虚假波动方面的效果最优;从集合离散度来看,在前期暖区降水阶段ETKF的离散度在小尺度上最大,随着锋面降水的开始,Down的离散度逐渐超过ETKF,而使用各滤波波段构造的混合试验同时具备ETKF与Down二者的特征。选择合理的滤波波段可以获得最为合理的离散度表现（ETKF180）,说明仅考虑侧边界匹配（Down和ETKF80）并不能获得最合理的集合离散度,应综合考虑其他因素。从降水概率预报结果来看,选取合适的滤波波段所构造的混合扰动试验同样获得了较好的效果。     

多星拼图的再处理技术

由于不同静止气象卫星的观测时间、分辨率及红外通道的红外扫描辐射计的光谱响应函数和空间响应函数都不尽相同,因此,将两颗静止气象卫星的红外云图融合在一起而形成的多星拼图,就会在交界处呈现不连续性,图像上表现为一条明显的拼缝且拼缝的两边亮度不一致。本文利用“直方图匹配方法”对多星拼图进行处理,消除了亮度不均匀现象,提高了图像的整体视觉效果。