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Data from heavy mineral analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray diffractrometry (XRD) are compared with those obtained from mineral magnetic analysis for a range of glacial diamicton samples taken from the Quaternary sequence in the Isle of Man. These data show that the mineral magnetic approach offers a useful means of characterizing glacial sediments for purposes of lithostratigraphic correlation and provenance indication and that the magnetic data are of a comparable quality to those obtained from standard applications of the more traditional techniques. The heavy mineral and XRD data indicate that little post-depositional chemical alteration of the detrital composition of the sediments has taken place. The mineral magnetic, heavy mineral and XRF analysis suggests both similar lithostratigraphic relationships between the various diamicton units and consistent indications of their likely provenance. These are consistent with published, field-based, stratigraphic relationships of the same sediments and ice-flow directions in the Irish Sea Basin during the Devensian.  相似文献   
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Mineral Equilibria in the Searles Lake Evaporites, California   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The Searles Lake evaporites (late Quaternary) consist of salineand mud layers permeated by brines. Two mineral pairs (gaylussite-pirssonite,mirabilite-thenardite) are used as indicators of relative aH2othroughout the stratigraphic column. Variations are attributedmostly to changes in brine salinity and partly to temperature. These aH2o-sensitive minerals locally coexist with trona, nahcolite,burkeite, northupite, tychite, hanksite, and aphthitalite, whichare sensitive to both aH2o and aco. Such assemblages permitconstruction of schematic isothermal aH2o-aco, diagrams. Fieldboundary sequences are derived from both theoretical considerationsand observed assemblages; their slopes are determined by thestoichiometry of possible reactions. Predicted assemblages invariablyagree with observed assemblages. By means of these diagrams, present-day lateral and stratigraphicvariations in relative aH2o and aco2 in the deposit are reconstructed.They show that aH2o and aco2 vary independently. Many of thepresent activities reflect depositional conditions; some indicatepost-depositional events.  相似文献   
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Seasonal Forecasts of the Summer 2016 Yangtze River Basin Rainfall   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The Yangtze River has been subject to heavy flooding throughout history,and in recent times severe floods such as those in 1998 have resulted in heavy loss of life and livelihoods.Dams along the river help to manage flood waters,and are important sources of electricity for the region.Being able to forecast high-impact events at long lead times therefore has enormous potential benefit.Recent improvements in seasonal forecasting mean that dynamical climate models can start to be used directly for operational services.The teleconnection from El Ni ?no to Yangtze River basin rainfall meant that the strong El Ni ?no in winter 2015/16 provided a valuable opportunity to test the application of a dynamical forecast system.This paper therefore presents a case study of a real-time seasonal forecast for the Yangtze River basin,building on previous work demonstrating the retrospective skill of such a forecast.A simple forecasting methodology is presented,in which the forecast probabilities are derived from the historical relationship between hindcast and observations.Its performance for2016 is discussed.The heavy rainfall in the May–June–July period was correctly forecast well in advance.August saw anomalously low rainfall,and the forecasts for the June–July–August period correctly showed closer to average levels.The forecasts contributed to the confidence of decision-makers across the Yangtze River basin.Trials of climate services such as this help to promote appropriate use of seasonal forecasts,and highlight areas for future improvements.  相似文献   
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Xenoliths, considered to be of igneous origin and consistingof hornblendegarnetplagioclase clinopyroxene, occur in associationwith high-pressure phenocrysts in early Miocene high-silicaandesites and dacites, Northland, New Zealand. Microstructuresof these xenoliths range from coarse, even-grained sub-ophitictypes to others with coarse glomerocrysts set in a finer-grainedmesostasis. The xenoliths are commonly flow-banded and are arguedto represent direct crystallization products and crystal aggregationsfrom the calc-alkaline host or related magmas at depth. Manygarnets within these high-pressure aggregates and also discretegarnet phenocrysts are rimmed by medium—coarse-grained,interlocking hornblendeplagioclase, representing partial adjustmentto an assemblage stable at shallower levels. The garnets aretypically pyrope—almandine with 17–28 mol.% grossularand show normal, reverse and oscillatory zoning; the associatedamphibole is pargasite trending to hornblende in phenocrystrims and reaction rims. Metamorphic xenoliths with plagioclase-hornblende-quartzassemblages are also found in the rocks and are characterizedby fine-grained granoblastic mosaic microstructures with well-developedfoliation defined by preferred orientation of elongate grainsand a mineral layering. These metamorphic xenoliths are interpretedas fragments of lower-crustal country rocks accidentally incorporatedinto rising andesitic magma. Application of established experimental high-pressure phasediagrams for andesites indicates crystallization of these assemblagesat depths corresponding to 10–20-kb pressure, and appropriategeothermometers indicates the following temperatures for equilibrationof assemblages at a nominal pressure of 12 kb: garnet-augite980C; garnet-augite-hornblende 920–1020 C. Geobarometryon a single garnet—orthopyroxene-bearing xenolith indicatesa pressure of 10–12 kb for a likely temperature rangeof 950–1000C. Thus the xenoliths point to the generationof host andesite-dacite magmas at suberustal depths of 35–45km, from fractional crystallization of more mafic mantlederivedmagmas, and demonstrate that relatively silicic calc-alkalinemagmas may evolve in the mantle. The rarity of evidence forsuch a process may be linked with the obduction-related tectonicevents operative in Northland just before the magmatic episode,and to the unusually high water content in the magma.  相似文献   
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Abstract

This paper provides a brief survey of the history, structure and functions of ‘traditional’ geographic information systems (GIS), and then suggests a set of requirements that large-scale GIS should satisfy, together with a set of principles for their satisfaction. These principles, which include the systematic application of techniques from several sub-fields of computer science to the design and implementation of GIS and the integration of techniques from computer vision and image processing into standard GIS technology, are discussed in some detail. In particular, the paper provides a detailed discussion of questions relating to appropriate data models, data structures and computational procedures for the efficient storage, retrieval and analysis of spatially-indexed data.  相似文献   
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