基于数值模拟的再生水对地下水质影响实例

为了探讨在再生水地表回灌条件下,再生水对地下水中氨素和主要盐分浓度变化的影响,选取现实存在的清河再生水湿地公园为例,以氨氮、Cl-离子为主要研究对象,利用Hydrus-1D溶质运移模型和Modflow、MT3DMSD耦合地下水模型,模拟了再生水长期利用后的地下水氨氮和Cl-指标变化情况。研究结果显示,再生水到达包气带底部时,水中氮氨、Cl-离子含量高于研究区潜水地下水中的相应指标含量,氨氮超出地下水质量Ⅲ类标准。预测5~20年后,潜水中氨氮超标面积不断扩展,20年后将达14km2,氨氮超标垂向延伸至第一层弱透水层;Cl-离子在潜水中不超标,但在湿地公园周边浓度有所增加。湿地公园再生水的长期地表回灌将给当地地下水质量带来负面影响。     

Acquiring high-resolution topography and performing spatial analysis of loess landslides by using low-cost UAVs

The Loess Plateau is a region in China prone to frequent geological disasters, where thousands of loess landslides can be found. Conventional field survey methods are inadequate for the requirements of fine spatial analysis of landslides. Due to its numerous advantages (fast, efficient, low cost, safe, and able to acquire high-resolution data), structure from motion (SfM) technique to photogrammetric orientation of flights and modeling applied to photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with a camera has become a powerful new tool for the generation of high-resolution topography that has emerged in recent years, which has become a powerful new technique for acquiring high-resolution topographic data. In this study, we conducted nearly two months of field UAV surveys of loess landslides on the Loess Plateau, eventually established 3D digital models for 11 loess landslides, and produced high-resolution digital orthophoto maps (DOMs) and digital elevation models (DEMs). High-resolution spatial analysis of the loess landslides (mainly including characteristic parameter extraction, topography profile analysis, surface feature analysis, and hydrologic analysis) was performed using Agisoft PhotoScan, ArcGIS 10.2, Global Mapper 17, and Origin Pro 9.0. The UAV technique allows us to further understand the micro-level internal spatial and structural characteristics of loess landslides. Moreover, not only does it allow us to accurately measure the characteristic geometric parameters but also enables us to detect the surface details of loess landslides (e.g., textures, fissures, and micro-landforms). Manifestly, we can also deduce the original structural characteristics and possible inducement mechanism of landslides based on a combination of high-resolution data acquired by UAVs, proper ground surveys, and theoretical knowledge. In summary, the low-cost UAVs are highly and especially suitable for surveys and digital terrain analysis of landslides on the Loess Plateau with sparse vegetation.     

Soil column infiltration tests on biomediated capillary barrier systems for mitigating rainfall-induced landslides

Rainfall-induced landslide is a common geohazard in tropical and humid regions. Capillary barrier system (CBS) is a popular and widely studied mitigating measure for rainfall-induced landslides. However, several previous studies have shown that the performance of the conventional CBS under intense rainfalls has not been particularly convincing. This paper aims to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of a newly proposed system, known as “biomediated capillary barrier system” (B-CBS) in minimizing water infiltration into soil. A one-dimensional soil column was used to investigate the infiltration characteristics of the proposed system. The results showed that the B-CBS of biomediated residual soil overlying original residual soil (Test IV) could effectively control the infiltration into soil by taking advantage of the less-permeable biomediated soil cover. The B-CBS of biomediated residual soil overlying gravelly sand (Test V) and the three-layered B-CBS of fine sand overlying gravelly sand and biomediated residual soil (Test VI) showed the best performance in terms of minimizing the water infiltration. A suction of about 5 kPa still remained in the soil column after 60 min of infiltration from the ponded water on the soil surface.     

Use of photo-based 3D photogrammetry in analysing the results of laboratory pressure grouting tests

This paper presents a non-destructive, low-cost, photo-based, 3D reconstruction technique for characterizing geo-materials with irregular shapes of a relatively large size. After being validated against two traditional volume measurement methods, namely the vernier caliper method and the fluid displacement method for regular and irregular shapes, respectively, 3D photogrammetry was used to analyse the grout bulbs formed in laboratory pressure grouting tests. The reconstructed 3D mesh model of the sample provides accurate and detailed 3D vertex data, which allowed the volume, densification efficiency and bleeding behaviour of the grout bulbs to be analysed. Comparing the bulb section views at different grouting pressures also offers an intuitive observation of the grout development and propagation process. Moreover, the 3D vertex data and surface area included in the model are of great importance in validating numerical predictions of the pressure grouting process and analysing the interface shear resistance of grouted soil nails or anchors. Compared to existing approaches, the new 3D photogrammetry method possesses several key advantages: (a) it does not require expensive, specialized equipment; (b) samples are not destroyed or modified during testing; (c) it allows to reconstruct objects of various scales and (d) the software is public domain. Therefore, the adoption of this 3D photogrammetry method will facilitate research in the pressure grouting process and can be extended to other problems in geotechnical engineering.     

鲁东地区地热资源分布规律及勘查定井方法探讨

鲁东地区具有丰富的地热资源,在地热勘查、开发和利用中,对地热勘查定井方法的选择至关重要。在介绍鲁东地区地热资源分布特征和赋存规律的基础上,结合鲁东地区地热勘查及施工的经验和教训,针对不同的地热地质条件,分别采用天然电场选频、瞬变电磁法(TEM)测深、可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、电磁测深和自然放射能测深等方法对鲁东地区典型地热勘查区进行地热井位确定,并对勘查定井方法效果进行对比。结果表明: 鲁东地热资源主要分布在NE向、NNE向及NW向断裂交汇带附近,为断裂控制的深循环对流型带状地热资源,热储分布主要受断裂控制,勘查定井宜选择在2条或多条断裂的交汇处; 天然电场选频、瞬变电磁法测深对于浅部地层和断裂具有较好的反映; 可控源音频大地电磁测深对断裂深部发育特征反映明显,为鲁东地热勘查定井较适宜的方法; 地热勘查定井宜采用2种以上的勘查方法,避免在物探施工过程中受外在因素的影响。     

阿留申俯冲带几何学特征及运动学成因模式

阿留申俯冲带位于环太平洋俯冲带最北端,是东太平洋型俯冲和西太平洋俯冲的过渡区域。该俯冲带火山岛弧距离海沟的距离从东向西逐渐增大,而形成地球上独特的岛弧火山链与海沟V字型斜交的现象。这一现象的运动学成因目前并没有统一的认识。本文通过对阿留申俯冲带几何形态数据、运动学数据进行整理分析,尝试运用构造赤道理论探讨该现象形成的运动学背景。阿留申俯冲带的几何学数据表明:从俯冲带东段(175°E)至俯冲带西段(155°W),火山岛弧距俯冲海沟的距离从80 km增加至250 km。与此同时,俯冲板片的倾角由60°减小至30°。板块的运动学分析表明:相对北美板块,太平洋板块的东段的运动矢量为48 mm/a,向北运动;逐渐转变为西段的78mm/a,向西北方向运动。相对于软流圈,太平洋板块的运动方向没有改变,始终向西北方向运动,速率向西逐渐增加。因此,在俯冲带的东段太平洋板块的绝对运动方向和相对运动方向存在30°左右的夹角,而这个夹角在西段几乎不存在。太平洋板块的绝对运动方向和相对运动方向之间的夹角不同,会导致软流圈对俯冲板片的反作用力差异,从而形成不同的俯冲角度和俯冲带宽度。太平洋板块相对北美板块和相对地幔的速度方向夹角的变化被认为是引起阿留申火山弧与海沟"V"字型斜交的运动学成因。     

华北地台北缘集宁地区古元古代片麻状石榴花岗岩的深熔成因及地质意义

本文对华北克拉通北缘集宁地区空间上密切共生的片麻状石榴花岗岩和孔兹岩系富铝片麻岩的岩相学、地球化学及年代学特征进行了对比研究。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年方面,在富铝片麻岩中获得了1910±10Ma和1839±13Ma变质锆石年龄,在片麻状石榴花岗岩中获得了1919±17Ma的变质重结晶锆石年龄。在石榴花岗岩的石榴石包裹体中识别出与富铝片麻岩相对应的进变质阶段(M1)和峰期阶段(M2)的矿物组合,由此确认富铝片麻岩的变质作用和导致石榴花岗岩形成的深熔作用是同一构造热事件的产物。通过对二者变质作用演化及特征变质矿物的对比,认为深熔作用主要发生在峰期后等温降压阶段(M3),石榴花岗岩中的石榴石为深熔作用过程中的残留矿物相或转熔矿物相,而石榴花岗岩则是混合有大量残留矿物相的熔体结晶的产物。对片麻状石榴花岗岩和富铝片麻岩的地球化学组成特征进行了对比分析,片麻状石榴花岗岩既有一定的继承性,又有十分明显的变异性。变异性表现为:1)石榴花岗岩主量和微量元素含量分布极不均匀,微量元素含量普遍低于源岩(Cs、Rb、Th、U、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等);2)大离子亲石元素Cs和生热元素U、Th亏损明显,Sr相对富集;3)高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti的明显亏损;4)铕异常变化大,存在铕富集型、铕平坦型和铕亏损型共存的稀土配分曲线的岩石,这是深熔成因石榴花岗岩最突出的表现,也可能是原地-半原地深熔花岗岩的主要地球化学标志。综合区域上的地质资料,认为深熔作用与碰撞后伸展构造背景下基性岩浆底侵事件有关。     

准中1区三工河组二段低孔渗储层特征及主控因素

通过岩芯观察、测井和录井资料、铸体薄片观察,研究准中1区三工河组二段储层特征及致密化因素。研究表明,储层砂体发育于水下分流河道、河口砂坝和远沙坝;储集岩以长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩为主;储集空间以次生溶孔为主,含少量原生孔隙,为孔缝型储层。储层受原生沉积相和后生成岩作用改造的双重控制。强烈的压实作用、钙质胶结是导致储层致密的主要因素,后期深埋溶蚀则是储层得以改造的关键控制因素。优质储层主要发育于水下分流河道,表现为粗粒、弱压实、弱钙质胶结、强溶蚀微观特征。     

沟岸侧蚀对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响

泥石流作为非牛顿体,屈服应力大,运动过程通常不稳定。前人建立了许多模型来研究沟床揭底和堰塞体溃决对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响,沟岸侧蚀对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响研究较少。通过侧蚀为主的模型和完全底蚀的模型两种水槽实验的对比,针对泥石流的动力过程展开研究。实验发现两种工况条件下泥石流正应力和孔隙水压力随着龙头高度沿程波动性的增长而相应地波动性增大,但侧蚀作用使得这种波动特征更加明显。通过力学分析,证明侧蚀作用导致泥石流龙头的阻力更大,但是龙身颗粒和龙头颗粒的速度差更大,使得龙头附加坡降更大,因此,侧蚀作用使得泥石流龙头的平均速度更快。泥石流龙头浓度和容重的不断增大,使得阻力不断增大,阻力和动力的动态平衡关系是泥石流不稳定运动的原因之一。     

内蒙古曹四夭钼矿区花岗斑岩地球化学特征及地质意义

曹四夭钼矿床位于华北克拉通北缘凉城断隆东侧,其矿化与多期次侵位的花岗质杂岩体具有密切的时间和空间联系。杂岩体的岩石类型包括:少斑状花岗斑岩、多斑状花岗斑岩、中细粒花岗岩、二长花岗斑岩和正长花岗斑岩等;前人的锆石U-Pb法测年数据表明,矿区岩浆活动可以分为155 Ma、149~140 Ma、134~131 Ma三个期次。本次研究获得矿区少斑状花岗斑岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法测年加权平均年龄为167Ma±1.2Ma,反映矿区可能还存在较早期的岩浆活动(中-晚侏罗世),其可与155 Ma岩浆岩划分为矿区早期的岩浆活动。花岗斑岩体具有高酸度、高钾和高铝质含量特征,总体属于酸性富钾钙碱性系列;花岗斑岩体含铝指数(A/CNK)介于1.20~2.49之间,Tb、Nd、Ga和LREE(Eu除外)富集,Eu、Ti、Sr、P亏损,属于高度分异的A型花岗岩系列。曹四夭花岗斑岩体形成于中-晚侏罗世构造机制转化时期,可能与蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合后的后造山伸展有关,为晚侏罗世钼多金属矿化的母岩。