The case for planetary sample return missions. 2. History of Mars

Principal science goals for exploration of Mars are to establish the chemical, isotopic, and physical state of Martian material, the nature of major surface-forming processes and their time scales, and the past and present biological potential of the planet. Many of those goals can only be met by detailed analyses of atmospheric gases and carefully selected samples of fresh rocks, weathered rocks, soils, sediments, and ices. The high-fidelity mineral separations, complex chemical treatments, and ultrasensitive instrument systems required for key measurements, as well as the need to adapt analytical strategies to unanticipated results, point to Earth-based laboratory analyses on returned Martian samples as the best means for meeting the stated objectives.     

声发射与地震

近年来,在各个领域都在研究声发射现象,并已引起人们的注意。实际上,这种现象早就以各种完全不同的思路、在不同的领域进行过研究。1960年,笔者开始从实验地震学的立场,以不同于国内外研究的方式,测定岩石及其他不均匀固体材料在加力情况下发生的微破裂振动。地壳(地球表层约30公里的部分)是构造不均匀的材料,它因为受力而发生局部破裂,从而引起地震。因而,向这类不均匀材料加力时发生的微破裂振动,可以说就是人工地震。这种地震的发生方式,在一些重要之点上,与我们过去在自然界观测到的地震是共同的,所以,如能有效利用实验研究可以自由控制各种     

预测地震死亡人数的一种经验公式

一、前言至今已有不少关于地震造成的死亡人数的分析与研究。其中以河角(1954)的研究最为有名,且因其计算死亡人数的经验公式简单明瞭,被看成进行地震灾害预测的基本公式之一。可是,这一公式所采用的死亡发生的宏观模式过于单纯,因此还有进一步探讨的余地。我们连续对近几年地震时人们所采取的行动进行了实况调查,并对地震时造成死亡的主要原因作了分析。这种分析是以对死者逐一详细追究其死因的微观分析形式进行的。为了正     

Oxygen budget of a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake

A bulk O2 budget for Lake Hoare, Antarctica, is presented. Five years of seasonal data show the lake to be persistently supersaturated with O2. Oxygen is carried into the lake in glacial meltstreams and is left behind when this water is removed as ice by ablation and sublimation. A diffusive loss of O2 from the lake through the summer moat is suggested. Measured values of the total O2 in the water column indicate that the time scale of O2 turnover is much longer than a year. Based on these results we suggest that the amount of O2 in the water does not change significantly throughout the year and that the lake is also supersaturated with N2.