A simple method for locating the fresh water-salt water interface using pressure data

Salt water intrusion is a key issue in dealing with exploitation, restoration, and management of fresh ground water in coastal aquifers. Constant monitoring of the fresh water-salt water interface is necessary for proper management of ground water resources. This study presents a simple method to estimate the depth of the fresh water-salt water interface in coastal aquifers using two sets of pressure data obtained from the fresh and saline zones within a single borehole. This method uses the density difference between fresh water and saline water and can practically be used at coastal aquifers that have a relatively sharp fresh water-salt water interface with a thin transition zone. The proposed method was applied to data collected from a coastal aquifer on Jeju Island, Korea, to estimate the variations in the depth of the interface. The interface varied with daily tidal fluctuations and heavy rainfall in the rainy season. The estimated depth of the interface showed a good agreement with the measured electrical conductivity profile.     

The 1974 spill of the Bouchard 65 oil barge: petroleum hydrocarbons persist in Winsor Cove salt marsh sediments

Petroleum hydrocarbons persist in salt marsh sediments in Winsor Cove (Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts) impacted from the 1974 spill of No. 2 fuel oil by the barge Bouchard 65. Intertidal sediment cores were collected from 2001 to 2005 and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). TPHs content was greatest (as high as 8.7 mg g(-1) dry weight) in the surface sediments and decreased with distance landward. Select samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with values as high as 16.7 microg g(-1) for total naphthalenes and phenanthrenes/anthracenes. These remaining PAHs are mainly C(4)-naphthalenes and C(1)-, C(2)-, and C(3)-phenanthrenes/anthracenes revealing preferential loss of almost all of the naphthalenes and the parent compound phenanthrene. Inspection of the data indicates that biodegradation, water-washing and evaporation were major removal processes for many of the petroleum hydrocarbons in the marsh sediments. In addition, historical data and photographs combined with their recent counterparts indicate that erosion has physically removed these contaminants from this site.     

Depuration dynamics of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

The State of Santa Catarina produces the greatest quantity of edible mollusks in Brazil. To guarantee sanitary qualify, mollusk cultures should be monitored for contamination by pathogenic microorganisms. A self-purification or "depuration" system that eliminates Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contamination from oysters has been developed and evaluated. The depuration process occurred within a closed system, in which 1000 L of water was recirculated for 24 h. The water was sterilized with ultraviolet (UV) light, chlorine, or both together. Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated with S. typhimurium were harvested every 6 h. Samples of oyster tissue were excised and both the presence and numbers of bacteria were determined. Combined UV light and chlorine treatments resulted in total elimination of bacteria within 12 h. Polymerase chain reaction detected bacteria in water exposed to the three treatments. This pioneering study is the first of its kind in Brazil and represents a major contribution to commercial mollusk culture in this country.     

The effect of an oil drilling operation on the trace metal concentrations in offshore bottom sediments of the Campos Basin oil field,SE Brazil

The concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Ba, V, Sn and As in offshore bottom sediments from the Bacia de Campos oil field, SE Brazil, were measured at the beginning and at 7 months after completion of the drilling operation. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Ba, Cr, Ni and Zn were significantly higher closer to the drilling site compared to stations far from the site. Average concentrations of Al, Cu, and in particular of Ni, were significantly higher at the end of the drilling operation than at the beginning. Comparison between drilling area sediments with control sediments of the continental platform, however, showed no significant difference in trace metal concentrations. Under the operation conditions of this drilling event, the results show that while changes in some trace metal concentrations do occur during drilling operations, they are not significantly large to be distinguished from natural variability of the local background concentrations.     

巴西新法曾达—雅皮甘加山脉杂岩体的岩浆连续混合与混杂作用

巴西东北部新法曾达－雅皮甘加山脉深成杂岩体在３００－５００ＭＰａ压力下侵位于新元古代角闪岩相变质岩中。主要由三类岩石组成；（１）粗粒花岗岩，（２）斑状花岗岩；（３）闪长岩到石英二长岩。后两类岩石构成新法曾在岩基，它位于走向北东的新法曾达左旋剪切带之北西侧，剪切带向北东倾伏的拉伸线理暗示该岩基是杂岩体深部抬升上来的一岩块。     

20世纪90年代国外花岗岩类研究的某些重大进展

对 2 0世纪 90年代国外花岗岩类研究几个方面的进展情况进行了评述 :I型 /S型花岗岩成因的新模式、磁铁矿系列 /钛铁矿系列花岗岩成因、从ISAM到以综合标志为基础的新的花岗岩地球动力学分类、从以大陆边缘板块俯冲带为主扩大到大陆内部碰撞造山带的花岗岩研究地域及太古宙TTG成因 ,并力图阐明提出问题和解决问题的思路及着手研究的途径。这些内容表明花岗岩研究已进入一个新的发展阶段 ,即从以个别岩体、岩套为主的研究发展到对全球不同构造背景下的花岗岩进行地球动力学研究。作为地壳重要组成的花岗岩物质可以作为地球动力学环境的标志及其演化的示踪剂 ,反演出不同地球动力学环境下大陆地壳的形成和再循环过程