靖边潜台西侧奥陶系马五4亚段岩相古地理特征

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马五₄亚段是靖边气田重要的天然气勘探层段,目前相关的岩相古地理图多以段和亚段为单位、以盆地为尺度,作图精度不能满足油气勘探开发的需要。以靖边潜台西侧为研究区,根据该区的古地貌特征、标志性矿物（硬）石膏的类型及其环境意义,分马五₄3、马五₄2和马五₄1三个小层开展岩相古地理工作。根据沉积背景和地层等厚图将该区中部厚度较大、地形略陡的区域解释为洼地,将洼地周边厚度较小、地形平缓的区域解释为坪。目的层段（硬）石膏有块状、球状结核和晶体等三种类型,块状硬石膏与暗色泥质藻纹层白云岩互层,代表了一种浅水水下蒸发、间或遭海水漫侵的潮上环境;球状硬石膏结核分散于浅黄色泥粉晶白云岩中,为准同生成因,代表了蒸发、偏氧化、变盐度的潮上环境;石膏晶体相对较少,多为柱状,或与球状硬石膏结核混生,代表的沉积环境与球状硬石膏结核基本相同。块状硬石膏主要分布于洼地中,为潮上带硬石膏洼地,根据硬石膏的含量进一步细分为含块状硬石膏白云岩洼地、块状硬石膏质白云岩洼地和白云质块状硬石膏洼地;球状硬石膏结核及石膏晶体主要分布于古地貌的坪中,结合其局限蒸发潮上带的背景,将其命名为球状硬石膏结核白云岩潮坪。马五₄3、马五₄2和马五₄1的岩相古地理格局基本一致,但从下向上,硬石膏洼地范围逐渐收缩,块状硬石膏的含量也逐渐下降,反映了沉积过程中水体逐渐蒸发变浅的过程。     

Tracing ground water input to base flow using sulfate (S, O) isotopes

Sulfate (S and O) isotopes used in conjunction with sulfate concentration provide a tracer for ground water contributions to base flow. They are particularly useful in areas where rock sources of contrasting S isotope character are juxtaposed, where water chemistry or H and O isotopes fail to distinguish water sources, and in arid areas where rain water contributions to base flow are minimal. Sonoita Creek basin in southern Arizona, where evaporite and igneous sources of sulfur are commonly juxtaposed, serves as an example. Base flow in Sonoita Creek is a mixture of three ground water sources: A, basin ground water with sulfate resembling that from Permian evaporite; B, ground water from the Patagonia Mountains; and C, ground water associated with Temporal Gulch. B and C contain sulfate like that of acid rock drainage in the region but differ in sulfate content. Source A contributes 50% to 70%, with the remainder equally divided between B and C during the base flow seasons. The proportion of B generally increases downstream. The proportion of A is greatest under drought conditions.     

A multivariate assessment of the coral ecosystem health of two embayments on the lee of the island of Hawai'i

Four coral-dominated coastal sites within two embayments (Kealakekua Bay and Honokōhau Bay) on the lee of the island of Hawai'i were studied to assess evidence of anthropogenic impacts in these relatively pristine locales. Nutrient-loading parameters were analyzed in relation to benthic composition data. Statistically, there were significant positive relationships between nitrate+nitrite, silicate, and ammonium with the abundance of macroalgae, coralline algae, and dead coral, and between delta(15)N and dead coral abundance. The north outside site of Kealakekua Bay and the south outside site of Honokōhau Bay appear to be most impacted by nutrient-loading factors in each bay, respectively. Comparisons with past nutrient data indicate that nutrient inputs have increased to the two bays, and that early impacts of these increased loadings are evident. It is predicted that at current nutrient-loading rates, the north sites of Kealakekua Bay and the south sites of Honokōhau Bay will exhibit evidence of further degradation in future years.     

Pyrolysis of spill oils adsorbed on zeolites with product oils recycling

Experimentally, a feasibility study for adsorption and catalytic pyrolysis of spill oils on Cu/ZSM-5 for recycling of light oils has been conducted in the present work. The adsorption and pyrolysis of model compounds such as heptane, toluene, and diesel (to stimulate the spill oils) on Cu/ZSM-5 have been investigated on a continuous fixed-bed reactor. By component fitted X-ray absorption near edge structural (XANES) spectroscopy, catalytic active species such as metallic copper (Cu) (77-84%) and Cu(2)O (6-7%) are found in the channels of ZSM-5 during pyrolysis of heptane or toluene. Pyrolysis of diesel effected by Cu/ZSM-5 yields gas (C(1)-C(5)) (32%) and light oil (68%) that can be used as auxiliary fuels.     

球等鞭金藻对5种金属离子的吸附作用研究

通过研究球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)不同生长过程中对5种重金属离子(Cd2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Pb2+,Cr6+)的吸附作用,探讨了其生长与金属离子吸附的关系,同时比较了其对不同金属离子的吸附能力。结果表明:在生长初期,球等鞭金藻对重金属离子的吸附能力较强,而在对数生长期后吸附能力变弱,其对5种重金属离子的吸附能力依次为:Pb2+≈Cu2+Zn2+Cr6+Cd2+。     

生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对4种荒漠植物种子萌发的交互影响

生物土壤结皮能直接或间接地影响维管植物种子萌发与群落建成,种子本身的生物学特征（如种子附属物等）对萌发也存在一定影响。本研究选取古尔班通古特沙漠4种常见的具有不同形态附属物的藜科植物（梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron ）、粗枝猪毛菜（Salsola subcrassa ）、心叶驼绒藜（Ceratoides ewersmanniana ）和角果藜（Ceratocarpus arenarius ））种子,设置苔藓结皮、地衣结皮和裸沙3种土壤基质,通过去除或保留种子附属物,对比研究了生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：粗枝猪毛菜和梭梭的苞片显著抑制了种子萌发（p <0.05）,心叶驼绒藜的柔毛和角果藜的刺状附属物对种子萌发没有显著影响（p >0.05）。与裸沙相比,苔藓结皮显著抑制了4种植物种子的萌发（p <0.05）,地衣结皮显著抑制了粗枝猪毛菜种子的萌发（p <0.01）,而对其他3种植物种子的萌发无显著影响（p >0.05）。同时,附属物与结皮对粗枝猪毛菜种子的萌发还具有交互作用,表现为显著抑制种子萌发（p <0.01）。可见,生物土壤结皮对具有不同附属物的荒漠植物种子萌发具有不同的影响,进而造成维管植物种子萌发的空间异质性,影响维管植物分布和多样性。     

NAPL source zone depletion model and its application to railroad-tank-car spills

We developed a new semi-analytical source zone depletion model (SZDM) for multicomponent light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) and incorporated this into an existing screening model for estimating cleanup times for chemical spills from railroad tank cars that previously considered only single-component LNAPLs. Results from the SZDM compare favorably to those from a three-dimensional numerical model, and from another semi-analytical model that does not consider source zone depletion. The model was used to evaluate groundwater contamination and cleanup times for four complex mixtures of concern in the railroad industry. Among the petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures considered, the cleanup time of diesel fuel was much longer than E95, gasoline, and crude oil. This is mainly due to the high fraction of low solubility components in diesel fuel. The results demonstrate that the updated screening model with the newly developed SZDM is computationally efficient, and provides valuable comparisons of cleanup times that can be used in assessing the health and financial risk associated with chemical mixture spills from railroad-tank-car accidents.     

Using recovery data to extend the effective duration of pumping tests

Collection of water-level recovery data is a common practice for pumping tests. The resulting data can provide some of the most useful information from the tests, but are rarely used to their full value. van der Kamp (1989) proposed a general method that uses recovery data to extend the effective duration of pumping. The method is straightforward to implement and applicable for simple or complex hydrogeologic settings. The only assumption invoked is that the response remains linear such that the principle of superposition can be applied. No other assumptions about the properties of the aquifer are required. The method can greatly increase the value of pumping tests by extending the effective duration of the tests for as long as significant residual drawdowns are observed.     

临南北部地区岩性油藏地震描述方法应用研究

临南坡折带北部岩性油藏分布受构造、岩性双重因素控制,在开展岩性油藏空间分布研究过程中,以高分辨率地震处理资料为基础,精细准确的层位标定为纽带,利用Stratmagic地震相分析、Jason反演、Epos3.0分频属性等多种地震解释手段,对有利砂体的展布、含油气的分布进行描述,直观刻画了岩性在空间上的分布规律,为该区的岩性圈闭识别和井位部署提供重要依据。     

黄河泥沙冲/沉积区土壤有机碳不同组分空间特征及变异机制

黄河泥沙是黄河下游陆地地貌类型形成的物质来源,泥沙沉积改变了地表土壤结构和有机碳含量水平。基于室内外实验和空间地统计分析方法,文中对开封—周口土壤有机碳组分的空间特征和影响因素进行了分析。在0~100 cm土壤中TOC、AOC、NOC的含量分别为0.05~30.03 g/kg、0.01~8.86 g/kg和0.02~23.36 g/kg,表层0~20 cm的TOC、AOC、NOC高于下层,同一土层中TOC的变化幅度和含量差异性最大,AOC最小,NOC介于二者之间。NOC的含量对TOC的贡献大于AOC。空间地统计学研究显示,TOC、AOC、NOC的块金系数在0.50~0.67之间,具有中等程度的空间相关性,TOC、AOC、NOC的含量受结构因素和随机因素的共同作用,且二者的作用强度接近。空间上,自表层向下层,土壤TOC、AOC和NOC的整体变化趋势较为一致,高值区与低值区之间过渡明显,NOC和AOC的含量及空间变化能较好地反映TOC的空间变化和碳积累区域。分析发现,黄河泥沙冲/沉积区分布、农业耕作过程和耕作历史是影响区内土壤有机碳及其组成含量和空间分布的主要因素,而有机物的输入量、土壤颗粒物组成及二者的动态关系是影响土壤结构体形成和有机碳含量的关键因素,提高有机物的含量和改善土壤结构是提升土壤质量、实现区内农业持续发展的有效途径。