Ground-based FTIR Measurements of Stratospheric Trace Species from Aberdeen During Winter and Spring 1993/94 and 1994/95 and Comparison with a 3D Model

Vertical column abundances of HCl, ClONO2, HF and HNO3 have been obtained from infrared solar absorption measurements made at Aberdeen, UK (57°N, 2°W) during the periods January 13 1994 - May 8 1994 and November 23 1994 - April 19 1995. The measurements reveal the partitioning of inorganic chlorine (Cly) inside and outside the polar vortex during these two winter and spring periods. Stratospheric temperatures within the northern polar vortex during 1993/94 were not cold throughout January and most of February. The measurements reported here suggest that following a brief period of chlorine activation in late February and early March, the active chlorine within the vortex recovered rapidly to form ClONO2 resulting in in-vortex ClONO2 columns of 7 × 1015 molecules cm-2. In contrast, measurements during January 1995 suggest extensive invortex activation with in-vortex HCl + ClONO2 as low as 3.6×1015 molecules cm-2. High day-to-day variability in the ClONO2 columns observed during February is evidence for the transport of ClONO2 rich air from high to mid latitudes during the late winter. The implications for mid latitude O3 loss are discussed. A preliminary comparison of the HCl, ClONO2, and HNO3 column data from winter 94/95 with a three-dimensional chemical transport model shows that the model generally reproduces well the day-to-day variability and absolute magnitude of the observed columns, especially for HNO3 outside of the vortex.     

Mechanisms Controlling Turbulence Development Across A Forest Edge

In this paper we discuss the development of turbulence back from the transition fromopen moorland to a forest. Data from a field study and a wind-tunnel experiment arepresented. These show that the variance in the streamwise velocity begins to adjust tothe new surface between 2 to 4 tree heights downwind of the transition. This is soonerthan either the vertical velocity variance or the shear stress, both of which begin to adjust in a zone 3 to 5 tree heights downwind of the edge. Key terms in the prognostic equations for streamwise and vertical velocity variance are evaluated in order to explain these differences. The flow distortion caused by the forest edge, which extends to 4 tree heights downwind of the forest edge, is shown to be crucial in the delayed turbulence development. Initially the shear production term, which is the dominant source for the streamwise velocity variance, is counteracted by a sink in the vertical advection term. After the flow levels out the pressure redistribution (return-to-isotropy) term becomes the main sink of streamwisevelocity variance and feeds energy into the vertical velocity component. Therefore, thedevelopment of the vertical velocity variance and shear stress cannot begin until afterdevelopment of an increase in the streamwise velocity variance. Results are comparedwith other experiments, including the flow across shelterbelts, and large-eddy simulations of forest flow.     

Wind flows and forces in a model spruce forest

Wind tunnel tests have been conducted on a 1:75 scale model of a Sitka spruce forest in a correctly scaled turbulent boundary-layer flow. 12000 tree models were manufactured with mass, flexibility and aerodynamic drag characteristics chosen to give dynamical similarity with typical 15 m trees in a 30ms^–1 gale. To measure the dynamic response of a sample tree, set within this model forest, a miniature, fast response strain-gauge balance was designed and built. Linked to a computer for on-line data sampling, this balance provided measurements of the fluctuating along-wind and acrosswind components of the overturning moment at ground level, leading to values of mean and extreme moments and the frequency spectrum of the sway motion. Associated measurements of local wind flow characteristics were made with hot-wire anemometers and a laser anemometer. The response of the tree has the characteristics of classical lightly damped vibration and there is evidence that resonant sway motion increases the extreme overturning moments significantly above the values produced by wind gust forces alone.     

秋季抚仙湖湖滨带大型底栖动物生态学研究

2011年秋季对抚仙湖水域10个站位进行大型底栖动物的采样调查,研究了该湖泊湖滨带底栖动物的群落结构。共鉴定底栖动物10个分类单元,其中水生昆虫类和软体动物等主要类群分别为1种和6种,各占总物种数的10%、60%。主要优势种为拟沼螺、日本沼虾。调查区底栖动物的密度介于26～229ind/m2之间,平均值为97.9ind/m2。生物量介于0.96～15.69g/m2之间,平均值为6.77g/m2。香农-威纳多样性指数介于0～1.45之间,平均值为0.82。     

The permanence of stream networks in britain: Some further comments

The conclusions of Ovenden and Gregory (1980) are reviewed in the context of a stream network on the blanket peat moorland of the Southern Pennines. The very great disparity between the 1:10560 map network and the present channel system suggests that the original survey only included the major tributaries. Map accuracy in areas of peat moorland must therefore be treated with some caution particularly if no air photograph or field checking can be done. Some problems of network definition in the peat moorlands are also briefly discussed.     

Why geoengineering is not a ‘global public good’, and why it is ethically misleading to frame it as one

In early policy work, climate engineering is often described as a global public good. This paper argues that the paradigm example of geoengineering—stratospheric sulfate injection (hereafter ‘SSI’)—does not fit the canonical technical definition of a global public good, and that more relaxed versions are unhelpful. More importantly, it claims that, regardless of the technicalities, the public good framing is seriously misleading, in part because it arbitrarily marginalizes ethical concerns. Both points suggest that more clarity is needed about the aims of geoengineering policy—and especially governance—and that this requires special attention to ethics.     

上海边滩资源彩红外遥感影像分析应用

海塘滩涂信息的研究在水利工程建设、海塘管理、滩涂围垦、防洪抢险等许多领域具有广泛的应用价值。本文利用彩红外航片通过一系列处理对上海市的边滩资源进行了提取,运用监督分类与目视判读相结合的方法进行解译分析,并对分类结果进行野外核实与修正,为海塘滩涂部门的管理提供了有效的技术支持,提高了所获取数据的精度和工作效率。     

豫西地区海陆过渡相含气页岩层系优选方法及有利区预测

页岩气产自富有机质的泥页岩地层,豫西地区海陆过渡相地层中泥页岩累计厚度大且含气量较高,具有较好的页岩气成藏潜力,但由于其泥页岩单层厚度小、层数多、横向相变大,空白区缺少含气量数据的情况下,页岩气含气层选择难度大。文中以豫西上古生界为研究对象,将泥页岩的各项参数与含气量进行相关性分析和聚类分析,确定含气量的主控因素为有机质丰度、黄铁矿含量、渗透率、补偿密度和光电吸收截面指数,再应用回归分析得到含气量的拟合方程,经过验证确定其拟合效果较好,应用该方法对豫西上古生界海陆过渡相地层进行了含气性分析,得到大量含气量数据。文中提出了综合因子分析法,以含气量为一类因素,辅以有机质成熟度、孔隙度、脆性系数、厚度、埋深和面积等二类因素,经过计算得出储层有利系数以优选含气层,得出区域有利系数以预测有利区。利用豫西地区上古生界的实测和拟合含气量等数据,运用综合因子分析法,通过计算有利系数预测了朱仙镇、巩义和渑池页岩气有利区。