考虑结构性的冻融作用对黄土湿陷系数的影响

结构性是黄土的基本属性,黄土的湿陷特性与其结构性之间有着必然的联系。针对冻融作用对不同结构性黄土湿陷性的影响,以水泥作为模拟土颗粒间的联结材料制备了人工结构性土,开展了不同水泥含量的人工结构性土与相应的原状土、重塑土的湿陷试验,分析了结构性、冻融作用、初始含水率、湿重度及荷载大小对湿陷系数的影响规律。试验结果表明：冻融前后,人工结构性黄土的湿陷系数均比原状土、重塑土的湿陷系数小,且随着水泥含量的增加,湿陷系数有所减小;冻融之后,各土样的湿陷系数几乎均有所增加,但增加的程度和土样初始结构、含水率、干密度（压实系数）及竖向荷载关系密切,尤其当含水率接近最优含水率和土样为重塑土或水泥含量较低的人工结构性土时,冻融后湿陷系数增大幅度显著。在标准荷载200 kPa下,冻融前后原状土、重塑土的湿陷系数与其湿重度之间基本呈较好的线性负相关关系,而人工结构性黄土湿陷系数与湿重度之间并不呈线性关系;竖向荷载为50 kPa时,重塑黄土和5%水泥含量黄土的湿陷系数与冻融次数之间存在着较好的对数关系。以水泥作为土颗粒间联结材料,制备的人工结构性土是否能很好地代替原状土反映结构性黄土的湿陷特性,还需更进一步深入研究。     

CO_2 Density-Raman Shift Relation Derived from Synthetic Inclusions in Fused Silica Capillaries and Its Application

Abstract: The densities of CO2 inclusions in minerals are commonly used to determine the crystallizing conditions of the host minerals. However, conventional microthermometry is difficult to apply for inclusions of small size (< 5–10 μm) or low density. Raman analysis is an alternative method for determining CO2 density, provided that the CO2 density–Raman shift relation is known. This study aims to establish this CO2 density–Raman shift relation by using CO2 inclusions synthesized in fused silica capillaries. By using this newly-developed synthetic technique, we formed pure CO2 inclusions, and their densities were determined by microthermometry. The Raman analysis showed that the relation between CO2 density (D in g/cm3) and the separations (Δ in cm?1) between the two main bands (i.e. Fermi diad bands) in CO2 Raman spectra can be represented by a cubic equation: D (g/cm3)=0.74203(?0.019Δ3+5.90332Δ2?610.79472Δ+21050.30165)?3.54278 (r2=0.99920). Our calculated D value for a given Δ is between those obtained from two previously-reported equations, which were derived from different experimental methods. An example was given in this study to demonstrate that the densities of natural CO2 inclusions that could not be derived from microthermometry could be determined by using our method.     

Recent Advances in Predictability Studies in China （1999-2002）

Since the last International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) General Assembly (1999), the predictability studies in China have made further progress during the period of 1999-2002. Firstly, three predictability sub-problems in numerical weather and climate prediction are classified, which are concerned with the maximum predictability time, the maximum prediction error, and the maximum allowable initial error, and then they are reduced into three nonlinear optimization problems. Secondly, the concepts of the nonlinear singular vector (NSV) and conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) are proposed,which have been utilized to study the predictability of numerical weather and climate prediction. The results suggest that the nonlinear characteristics of the motions of atmosphere and oceans can be revealedby NSV and CNOP. Thirdly, attention has also been paid to the relations between the predictability and spatial-temporal scale, and between the model predictability and the machine precision, of which the investigations disclose the importance of the spatial-temporal scale and machine precision in the study of predictability. Also the cell-to-cell mapping is adopted to analyze globally the predictability of climate,which could provide a new subject to the research workers. Furthermore, the predictability of the summer rainfall in China is investigated by using the method of correlation coefficients. The results demonstrate that the predictability of summer rainfall is different in different areas of China. Analysis of variance, which is one of the statistical methods applicable to the study of predictability, is also used to study the potential predictability of monthly mean temperature in China, of which the conclusion is that the monthly mean temperature over China is potentially predictable at a statistical significance level of 0.10. In addition,in the analysis of the predictability of the T106 objective analysis/forecasting field, the variance and the correlation coefficient are calculated to explore the distribution characteristics of the mean-square errors.Finally, the predictability of short-term climate prediction is investigated by using statistical methods or numerical simulation methods. It is demonstrated that the predictability of short-term climate in China depends not only on the region of China being investigated, but also on the time scale and the atmospheric internal dynamical process.     

国际滑坡风险评估与管理指南研究综述

总结了国际主流滑坡风险评估与管理技术指南的进展和现状,综述了滑坡风险管理范畴中包含的理论和技术框架,研究精度和层次,滑坡编录、易发性、危险性和风险分区研究的技术方法;指出了滑坡风险分区成果的误差来源和可靠性验证方法;基于滑坡风险分区的研究成果,提出了土地利用规划中风险控制措施的建议。总结了主流国家和地区滑坡风险管理的发展历程和经验,结合中国地质灾害防灾减灾的现状,强调了出版滑坡风险评估与管理指南的紧迫性,并展望了滑坡等突发地质灾害风险评估与管理的发展前景。     

四川省青川县东河口滑坡岩石的抗剪断性质试验

东河口滑坡是5·12汶川大地震触发的典型的高速远程滑坡,致使780余人遇难。该滑坡体主要由震旦系灰岩和寒武系炭质板岩、千枚岩构成。震后在对该滑坡进行详细野外调研的基础上,采集了具有代表性的岩块作为试验样品,利用60t液压式万能材料试验机对该滑坡岩石的抗剪断性质进行了一系列试验。试验结果表明,水对该滑坡岩体的力学性质有重要的影响,干燥状态与饱水状态下岩石的抗剪断强度有很大的差异,岩石中存在的结构面也是影响岩石力学性质的主要因素之一,是岩质边坡稳定性的一个主要控制条件。     

三江造山带玉峰寺深埋隧道岩爆危险性综合评价

深埋隧道的岩爆机理和岩爆预报预测一直是工程地质和岩石力学的热点和难点问题,已成为困扰地下工程发展的瓶颈之一。以滇藏铁路穿越三江造山带玉龙雪山南段的玉峰寺深埋隧道方案为例,在野外工程地质调查的基础上,对影响隧道岩爆的相关因素进行了系统分析。根据岩石力学试验、地应力分析和数值模拟计算结果,采用多种判据对玉峰寺隧道岩爆危险性进行了分析预测和综合评价。研究结果对于地质构造复杂区深埋隧道规划设计和岩爆灾害防治具有一定指导意义。     

农村居民点整理潜力测算与布局优化研究——以江苏省江都市为例

通过自然、经济与社会因素方面构建限制修正系数,用限制修正系数把理论潜力修正至现实潜力,且从区位、自然等方面对整理后居民点进行布局优化,在ArcGIS 9.3中用多因素综合评价法评价栅格单元的居民点建设适宜度,把适宜度高的栅格变成居民点用地,直到所选择栅格面积等于现状居民点释放完潜力而保留的面积。研究发现2008年江都市居民点整理的理论潜力是6 128 hm2,经限制因素修正后现实潜力是2 013 hm2,其中半数以上在仙女镇;经布局优化后居民点集中分布,且主要集中分布在城镇周围与交通便捷地区,改变了目前散乱分布状况,居民点分布斑块数减少,其集聚度显著增加。     

On-line estimation of unit hydrographs using the wavelet-based LMS algorithm / Estimation en ligne des hydrogrammes unitaires grâce à l'algorithme des moindres carrés moyens à base d'ondelettes

Abstract

This study applies the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to decompose the unit hydrograph, thereby generating parsimonious reparameterizations of the unit hydrograph. A model compression method is then employed to significantly compress the unit hydrograph requiring that fewer coefficients be estimated. Moreover, a wavelet-based linearly constrained least mean squares (WLCLMS) algorithm is also used to estimate on-line the wavelet coefficients of the unit hydrograph. The updated wavelet coefficients of the unit hydrograph, convoluted with effective rainfall input in the wavelet domain, allow for accurate prediction of one-step-ahead runoff in the time domain. The proposed approach allows the unit hydrographs to vary in time and accurately predicts runoff from a basin in Taiwan, thus making it highly promising for flood forecasting.     

基于DEM不同路径算法的沟壑密度提取

沟壑密度是评价小流域沟蚀程度的重要指标,同时也是反映地表破碎程度的因子。采用合理的汇流阈值设置方法,在黄土高原县南沟流域,通过基于坡向流量分配的多流向算法(DEMON)和传统的单流向算法D8实现沟壑密度的提取。结果表明:多流向算法和单流向算法都能提取较合适的沟壑密度,其中多流向算法提取的结果更好一些。因此,本研究对地表破碎程度的描述和当地地形地貌的反映有重要的意义。     

国内外典型工程滑坡灾害比较

在搜集和梳理全球一个多世纪以来灾难性工程滑坡实例的基础上,将人类工程活动诱发的滑坡分为4种基本类型和若干亚类：①采矿工程滑坡（包括地下采空型、露天采场型、尾矿坝及排土场型）;②水利水电工程滑坡（包括库区岸坡型、水库大坝型、灌溉工程型）;③线性基础设施工程滑坡（包括公路及铁路工程型、油气管道工程型）;（鸯城市建设复合型工程滑坡。重点剖析了国内外著名的工程滑坡灾害案例,并兼顾一般工程滑坡的共性特征进行分析,综述了各类典型工程滑坡灾害的发育特征、形成机制及部分处置措施。通过不同类型工程滑坡特征的比较分析,总结了工程滑坡成灾的教训和成功处置的经验,为未来工程项目区和城市化过程中工程滑坡的综合防治及风险减缓提供了参考。