煤中微量元素研究进展

煤炭是我国的主要能源，在煤炭开采、运输、洗选、淋溶（滤）、燃烧等其它加工利用过程中，煤中的微量元素要发生迁移、析出，并入侵到大气、水、土壤和生态环境中，最终影响人类生存和生活环境。煤中微量元素十分重要，是因为它们与环境问题、动、植物及人类健康密切相关。在研究微量元素时必须考虑微量元素的性质及毒性，它们主要依靠其含量、种类、存在形式、pH值、氧化-还原条件及其它因素。在全面综合国内外研究文献的基础上，分析了煤中微量元素的发现、分布规律、赋存状态、成因机理及微量元素的应用等方面研究的历史、现状，并对今后研究的重点内容和发展方向进行了较为详细的论述和分析，并指出在进一步深入研究煤中微量元素地球化学的基础上，加强微量元素环境学方面的研究是今后煤中微量元素环境地球化学研究的重要内容。     

建立地质-地球化学找矿模型 ——以西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床为例

区域地球化学定量预测是全国重要矿产资源潜力评价项目的组成部分之一。为了提高其预测结果的可信度,科学合理的地质-地球化学找矿模型是关键,也是地球化学找矿预测区圈定和资源量估算过程中相似类比的“标准样本”。在中国地球化学找矿模型历史沿革的基础上,提出了地质-地球化学找矿模型建立的基本思路、理论基础和主要内容。通过收集、整理、归纳西藏冈底斯成矿带甲玛“三位一体”（夕卡岩型-角岩型-斑岩型）铜多金属矿床的最新资料,构建了甲玛典型铜多金属矿床的地质-地球化学找矿模型。该模型由区域地质特征、矿床地质特征、矿床地球化学特征、地球化学异常特征、地质-地球化学特征、重要控矿因素6个方面组成。     

Re-equilibration of CO2 fluid inclusions at controlled hydrogen fugacities

Abstract Natural, pure CO₂ inclusions in quartz and olivine (c. Fo₉₀) were exposed to controlled f_H2 conditions at T= 718–728°C and P_total= 2 kbar; their compositions were monitored (before and after exposures) by microsampling Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and microthermometry. In both minerals exposed at the graphite–methane buffer (f_H2= 73 bar), fluid speciations record the diffusion of hydrogen into the inclusions. In quartz, room-temperature products in euhedral isolated (EI type) inclusions are carbonic phases with molar compositions of c. CO₂(60) + CH₄(40) plus graphite (Gr) and H₂O, whereas anhedral inclusions along secondary fractures (AS type) are Gr-free and contain H₂O plus carbonic phases with compositions in the range c. CO₂(60) + CH₄(40) to CO₂(10) + CH₄(90). EI type inclusions in olivine evolved to c. CO₂(90–95) + CH₄(5–10) without Gr, whereas AS type inclusions have a range of compositions from CO₂(90) + CH₄(10) ± Gr to CH₄(50) + H₂(50) ± Gr; neither H₂O nor any hydrous species was detected by optical microscopy or MRS in the olivine-hosted products. Differences in composition between and among the texturally distinct populations of inclusions in both minerals probably arise from variations in initial fluid densities, as all inclusions apparently equilibrated with the ambient f_H2. These relations suggest that compositional variability among inclusions in a given natural sample does not require the entrapment of multiple generations of fluids. In addition, the absence of H₂O in the olivine-hosted inclusions would require the extraction of oxygen from the fluids, in which case re-equilibration mechanisms may be dependent on the composition and structure of the host mineral. Many of the same samples were re-exposed to identical P–T conditions using Ar as the pressure medium, yielding ambient f_H2= 0.06 bar. In most inclusions, the carbonic fluids returned to pure CO₂ and graphite persisted in the products. Reversal of the mechanisms from the prior exposure at f_H2= 73 bar did not occur in any inclusions but the AS types in olivine, in which minor CO₂ was produced at the expense of CH₄ and/or graphite. The observed non-reversibility of previous mechanisms may be attributed to: (1) slower fluid–solid reactions compared to reactions in the homogeneous fluid phase; (2) depressed activities of graphite due to poor ordering; and/or (3) low ambient f_O2 at the conditions of the second run.     

气候变化影响中国粮食安全研究的新思路北大核心CSCD

鉴于气候变化影响粮食安全问题的特殊性和复杂性,本文试图从自然科学和社会科学的交叉研究入手,提出一种新的研究的思路和方法,即:运用计量经济学模型对气候变化数据进行统计分析,使用计量经济学方法来评估气候这一外部驱动因素引发的社会经济系统变化与观测到的气候变化引发的社会经济系统变化之间的关系;在厘清“气候变化影响量”对粮食产量的影响的基础上,预估我国未来30年特别是经济社会发展两个关键节点2035年和2050年的粮食生产的气候变化风险,文章给出了一种新的研究视角,构建了研究内容和研究方法,力争实现定性研究与定量研究相结合,以科学预测为政策指导提供有力支撑。     

Application of an Economy--Climate Model to Assess the Impact of Climate Change

An interdisciplinary investigation was conducted to assess the impact of climate change on grain yields using an economy--climate model (C-D-C). The model was formulated by incorporating climate factors into the classic Cobb-Douglas (C-D) economic production function model. The economic meanings of the model output elasticities are described and elucidated. The C-D-C model was applied to the assessment of the impact of climate change on grain yields in China during the past 20 years, from 1983 through 2002. In the study, the land of China was divided into eight regions, and both the C-D-C and C-D models were applied to each individual region. The results suggest that the C-D-C model is superior to the classic C-D model, indicating the importance of climate factors. Prospective applications of the C-D-C model are discussed.     

Numerical Study on Breaking Criteria for Solitary Waves

Studies of the breaking criteria for solitary waves on a slope are presented in this paper. The boundary element method is used to model the processes of shoaling and breaking of solitary waves on various slopes. Empirical formulae that can be used to characterize the breaking of solitary waves are presented. These include the breaking index, the wave height, the water depth, and the maximum particle velocity at the point of breaking. Comparisons with the results of other researches are given.     

A Study of Wind Statistics Through Auto-Regressive and Moving-Average (ARMA) Modeling

Statistical properties of winds near the Taichung Harbour are investigated. The 26 years'incomplete data of wind speeds, measured on an hourly basis, are used as reference. The possibility of imputation using simulated results of the Auto-Regressive (AR), Moving-Average (MA), and/ or Auto-Regressive and Moving-Average (ARMA) models is studied. Predictions of the 25-year extreme wind speeds based upon the augmented data are compared with the original series. Based upon the results, predictions of the 50- and 100-year extreme wind speeds are then made.     

河西走廊地区路基阴阳坡效应及合理高度分析

河西走廊是丝绸之路的咽喉,区域内季节冻土路基的稳定性对亚欧大陆运输通道有重要影响。以张掖地区季节冻土路基为例,基于传热学及弹塑性变形理论探讨了路基在阴阳坡效应下的地温和变形分布;通过比较路基最大冻结深度到地下水位的距离与毛细水最大上升高度,得到河西走廊地区路基合理高度的确定方法及拟合公式,来表示其与地下水位以及年平均气温的相互关系。结果表明：张掖地区路基阴阳坡效应明显,阴坡冻结时间比阳坡长2个月;1月阴阳坡的温差最大,达到3℃;2月,路基的竖向最大位移达到26 mm,横向位移差达到6 mm;路基合理高度随年平均气温的升高而逐渐降低,随地下水位的增加而逐渐变大,其随年平均气温的变化幅度小于地下水。该研究可定性分析路基合理高度与年平均气温、地下水位的关系,为河西走廊地区定量计算路基高度提供理论参考。     

渭河流域西部季节冻融对浅层非饱和土壤水热变化的影响

以黄土高原渭河流域西部黄土丘陵沟壑区为研究区域,建立了野外观测场地,对该区域浅层非饱和土体冻融过程及水热运移规律对气候作用的响应过程进行了研究与分析。结果表明：气温对地温及地温变幅的影响随深度增加而迅速衰减,地温振幅随深度增加按指数规律衰减且温度波的相位随深度的增加而滞后,地表下200 cm深度以内地温振幅受气温影响较大。该区域裸露地表土壤的最大冻结深度在20～50 cm之间。在土壤冻结过程中,深层土壤未冻水逐渐向冻结层运移,导致深层含水量逐渐减少。不同深度土壤冻结系数随土壤深度的增加而减小,融化系数则相反。地表下50 cm深度以内的土体含水量受降水影响波动显著。土壤含水量与温度呈相似变化,地温峰值出现的时间总滞后于土壤水分,其变异程度均随土壤深度的增加而减小。