KARSTIC: a sensitivity method for carbonate aquifers in karst terrain

. Groundwater in karstic aquifers can be dangerously sensitive to contamination. Many cities in the western USA rely on karstic carbonate aquifers for municipal water supplies. For example, Rapid City, South Dakota, pumps more than half of its drinking water from wells in the Madison Limestone. This work examined the sensitivity of karstic aquifers to surface contamination in mountainous terrain. Where karstic carbonate aquifers are exposed at their outcrop areas, they are particularly susceptible to the introduction of contamination through diffuse recharge or through point recharge at swallow holes along streams. Residential developments in mountainous regions of the western USA are encroaching on the recharge areas of karstic aquifers. Many of these residential developments are served by onsite wastewater disposal systems such as septic tanks and drain fields, with the attendant danger of introduction of pathogens from malfunctioning treatment systems above fractured limestone which offers little filtering. Where streams disappear into karstic aquifers at swallow holes, microbial contaminants such as Giardia or Cryptosporidium are a concern, as well as potential spills, leaks, or accidents along roads near these streams. The KARSTIC method developed and modified in this work puts greater emphasis on karst features than previous sensitivity procedures such as the US Environmental Protection Agency's DRASTIC method. The modified method gives increased attention to highly sensitive areas of karstic carbonate aquifers by weighting the synergistic effects of fracturing, karst development, and swallow holes of recharging streams. In a field application, hydrogeologic maps of a watershed in the Black Hills, USA, were digitized into a geographic information system. The resulting sensitivity map and report can be used by planners, managers, and the public as a screening tool for assessing groundwater sensitivity in regions which include karstic aquifers.     

模拟深基坑开挖和支护全过程的有限元数值分析

选用Drucker-Prager弹塑性本构关系,建立了模拟深基坑开挖和支护全过程的平面有限元数值分析模型.运用该模型并结合工程实际,对深基坑开挖过程巾边坡土体的应力场和塑性区的分布以及变形进行了分析,找出了影响深基坑变形的主要因素:支护结构的刚度、支护结构入土深度、基坑开挖深度和宽度以及土层强度参数等.     

新疆伽师及邻近地区现今地壳形变的GPS监测与研究

利用高精度数据软件对伽师及邻近地区的GPS监测网观测数据进行计算分析(基线精度达到了 10 - 8～ 10 - 9) ,获得了该地区的现今地壳形变速率图 .结果表明 ,伽师及邻近地区在印度板块的推挤作用下 ,地壳正快速缩短变形 ,主压应力为近南北方向 .各地块运动速率不同 ,平均应变率为 0 .0 4× 10 - 6 /a .     

分形在地貌学中应用的几个问题的分析

就实际地貌分形研究工作中经常遇到的截面约定、自仿射分形局域维与渡越长度、分维的比较以及过渡分形等几个问题进行了分析和探讨，并提出了在应用过程中的注意事项和解决方案。     

城市震害高危害小区的研究和GIS的实现技术

论述了在城市地震灾害中如何考虑诸方面因素来评价城市的灾害轻重分布情况。中建立坑危害小区分析模型，设想将城市划分等面积网格，给每个单元网格赋予灾害指数，以确定城市中受灾较为严重的区域，为求灾指挥提供决策信息。同时，将高危害小区的模型研究结果转化为计算机技术可以实现的GIS模型。该研究结果已应用于泰安市防震减灾示范研究项目中。     

结构动力反应分析的三阶显式方法

本通过对传统动力反应分析方法的总结，阐明了建立隐式和显式方法的一般思路及数学本质，提出了使用系统位移反向向量三阶导数的隐工和实用显式积分方法－3阶显式方法，分析了该显式方法的精度和稳定性，并对建立更高阶隐式和显式方法以及方法的精度和稳定性作了初步讨论。最后，通过算例对本方法、献[1]方法和经典的常平均加速度法（隐式方法、视为精确解）的精度和稳定性进行了比较分析。结果表明，本方法具有明显的优点。     

Earthquake—generating Structure Revealed by 1999 Sichuan mianzhu Earthquake Sequence with Ms=5.0

Through the accurate determination of hypocenter location,the measurement of the main focal mechanism solutions and the analyses of time dependent processes for Sichuan Mianzhu earthquake sequence with Ms=5.0 occurred along the middle segment of Longmenshan fault zone on November 30,1999,the distribution of focal depth section,the stress relase and seismicity features are given to reveal the earthquake-geneating structure of the earthquake sequence.The obtained results show the activity features for this sequence as follows:(1) There is no obvious foreshock,the accumulated strain energy releases in nearly pulse way,fluctuation of the seismic activity level is not quite evident during the duration of the sequence,and the statistical relation between the large events and the small events is less compatible with the traditional G-R estimation;(2) The epicenters of the earthquake sequence are not distributed on the main Longmenshan piedmont faults emerging out ground,but near the hidden Longmenshan piedmont faults.The direction of epicenter distribution is not very coincident with the fault strikes.The microscopic epicenters are relatively far from the macroscopic epicenters,The focal depths range from 5km to 16km;(3) The fractures of focal fault plane with the NE strike appear out the strike-slip displacement with a few overthrust components under the major principal compressive stress of NNE direction.From these,we consider it should be paid more attentions to the underground hidden faults near the ground fault zone on a large scale for their generating earthquake risk.     

新疆数字地震前兆台网的数据传输功能分析

为了进一步提高地震前兆数据的传输效率和准确性 ,实现前兆数据采集和管理的自动化 ,对新疆地震局数字化地震前兆台网中心的功能、数据采集原理、数据传输特征进行了分析 ,认为数字化观测技术为地震前兆数据的采集、传输提供了一种高效、可靠的手段     

哈尼梯田文化景观及其保护研究

文化景观及其保护是当前的研究热点之一。本文对景观概念及其研究的演变 ,以及文化景观及其主要研究内容与进展进行了总结 ,并具体探讨了地处云南南部亚热带山地的哈尼梯田文化景观的概念、特征、结构和功能及其保护措施。     

GIS与土壤溶质运移模型结合研究进展

地理信息系统对土壤溶质模型研究而言，使用者的要求与GIS所能提供的功能之间，还存在巨大的差距。出于对环境问题的关注，土壤中水分及溶质运移的规律及其对环境的影响，成为当前研究的热点。随着对土壤溶质运移模型研究的深入，一方面由于田间土壤特性具有很大的空间变异；另一方面，在实际应用中，往往溶质运移的宏观特征而非微观特征，具有更重要的意义。将溶质运移模型与GIS技术结合，定量研究空间尺度的溶质运移，成为溶质运移研究的必然发展趋势。由于计算机软硬件技术的发展，GIS正处于一个高速发展的时期。将GIS与溶质运移模型相结合，或者进一步，以GIS理论和技术为基础，建立基于GIS的溶质运移模型，将对溶质运移的规律及其对环境的影响，做出更深入和准确的描述。