湖北清江和尚洞风化岩壁放线菌分离及基于16S rRNA的种类分析

为探究湖北清江和尚洞岩壁放线菌物种组成及其与碳酸盐岩相互作用的关系,分别采集该洞穴无光区风化岩壁样品2份（W1和W2）和弱光区风化岩壁样品1份（W3）,采用经改良的5种已知放线菌分离培养基及1种自主设计的风化岩壁浸汁培养基两种策略优化设计分离培养基。采用稀释涂布法分离放线菌,并选择放线菌特异引物进行16S rRNA基因扩增和序列测定并构建系统发育树。结果表明,从3份风化岩壁样品中共纯化到放线菌72株,分属于放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）的4个属:链霉菌属（Streptomyces,69株）、红球菌属（Rhodococcus,1株）、冢村氏菌属（Tsukamurella,1株）和微杆菌属（Microbacterium,1株）,其中链霉菌属为优势菌属。无光区样品W1和W2分离到菌株较少,分别为9株和10株,而弱光区样品W3分离到菌株较多,为53株。研究结果为进一步研究放线菌与洞穴碳酸盐矿物相互作用的潜在关系奠定了基础。      

西北地区水资源环境与城市化系统耦合的时空分异——以西陇海兰新经济带甘肃段为例

水资源是城市化与生态环境协调发展的重要限制因子,研究西北地区水资源环境与城市化系统耦合的时空分异规律,对于区域水资源、生态环境和社会经济系统可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。采用GRA方法,以西陇海兰新经济带甘肃段为例,从时空角度定量揭示了甘肃段水资源环境与城市化系统耦合的时空分异规律,结果表明:(1)时间序列上整体呈波动下降趋势,表现为类似组合"S"型特征;空间上随人口城市化水平的提高,耦合度亦表现出与时间序列类似特征;时空耦合度相互印证,说明系统符合"各态遍历假说;"(2)不同阶段甘肃段各城市耦合度表现出较大差异,具有复杂的空间结构:以兰州市为中心向外耦合度"先升高后减小",表明水资源环境与城市化系统耦合度的高低不仅取决于城市自身发展等内部因素,而且与城市之间的区域差异、区域联系等外部因素有关。基于以上认知,在解决区域水资源环境与城市化关系问题时,除有效提高城市水资源环境适应及调控能力之外,还要协调好区域之间的关系,构建区域利益共同体以达到"双赢"的目的,这为落后地区解决发展中的资源环境问题提供了新的思路。     

Delineating the Source of Lead in the Urban Atmospheric Dust Based on Stable Isotopic Ratio: A Case Study from Panzhihua City of Southwest China

正Objective Atmospheric lead pollution is a global problem. Mining, coal mining, iron and steel smelting, and chemical and coal-fired power plants are major industries in Panzhihua City of southwest China. Many toxic and harmful heavy metals, including Pb, are emitted in production activities. Pb seriously affects human health and natural ecosystems. Thus, Pb source tracing is important for Pb pollution     

贡嘎山东坡亚高山不同林地土壤水分特性与生态环境效应

森林土壤水分特性，包括水分的渗透与蒸发、保持与贮存等对森林生态环境都有重要意义。本文研究了长江上游贡嘎山亚高山不同森林类型土壤的水分特征及其生态环境作用，结果表明：成熟林、过熟林土壤在储水、渗透、容水、蒸发和持水特性等多数方面利于保持和改善生态环境，次生或林分单一森林类型次之，林木皆伐后最差。研究区以成熟林和过熟林为主，生态环境保护较好。尽管该区与长江上游其它地区一样同具自然地理条件差、生态环境脆弱的特征，但由于该区森林植被和环境得到了有效保护，土壤水分特性好，促进了森林生态系统的良性循环，生态环境问题得到进一步改善。     

Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

登陆台风降水的大尺度环流诊断分析

强度相似的登陆台风造成的强降水可能差异很大.为研究大尺度环流对登陆台风降水的影响,利用热带气旋年鉴和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用动态合成分析方法,对比分析了登陆后48小时内降水特征迥异而强度、路径相似的两组登陆台风的大尺度环流特征.合成分析结果表明,西南气流的水汽输送对台风降水至关重要,造成大范围强降水的台风往往在登陆后仍与深厚西南急流相连并持续很长时间.高空强辐散场是登陆台风造成大范围强降水的一个基本动力特征.造成强降水的登陆台风其环境场的上升气流不仅强,其气旋性环流的伸展高度高且能长时间维持.登陆台风造成降水的范围和强度与登陆前台风下游大陆环境大气的稳定度有关.下游高温高湿的大气有利于能量尤其是潜热能的大量补充,对强降水增强和维持都十分有利.因此,大尺度环流对登陆台风降水有明显影响.其中,与台风相连的西南急流强度和深厚程度是最重要的因子,高低空辐散辐合强度、台风及环境风场结构以及台风下游大陆上空大气湿热状态等都是需要加以考虑的.     

Late Paleozoic Fluid Systems and Their Ore-forming Effects in the Yuebei Basin, Northern Guangdong, China

Based on detailed and systematic researches of the geology of ore deposits, fluid inclusions and isotope geochemistry etc., and regarding the Late Paleozoic fluid system of the Yuebei Basin as an integrated object in this paper, we have revealed the temporo-spatial evolution law of the basin＇s fluid system and discussed its ore-forming effects by simulating and analyzing the distribution of ore-forming elements, the fluid thermodynamics and dynamics of evolution processes of this basin. The results show that Late Paleozoic ore-forming fluid systems of the Yuebei Basin include four basic types as follows. （1） The sea floor volcanic-exhalation system developed during the rapid basin slip-extension stage in the Mid-Late Devonian, which affected the Dabaoshan region. It thus formed the Dabaoshan-type Cu-Pb-Zn-Fe sea floor volcanic-exhalation sedimentary deposits. （2） The compaction fluid system developed during the stable spreading and thermal subsidence-compression stage of the basin in the Mid-Late Devonian. The range of its effects extended all over the whole basin. It resulted in filling-metasomatic deposits, such as the Hongyan-type pyrite deposits and pyrite sheet within the Fankou-type Cu-Pb-Zn-S deposits. （3） The hot water circulation system of sea floor developed during the stage of basin uplifting and micro-aulacogen from the late Late Carboniferous to Middle Carboniferous. The range of its effects covered the Fankou region. It thus formed MVT deposits, such as the main orebody of the Fankou-type Pb-Zn-S deposits. （4） The gravity fluid system developed during the stage of fold uplifting and the basin closed from Middle Triassic to Jurassic, forming groundwater hydrothermal deposits, e.g. the veinlet Pb-Zn-calcite orebodies of the Fankou-type Pb-Zn- S deposits. Migration and concentration of the ore-forming fluids were constrained by the state of temporo-spatial distribution of its fluid potential. Growth faults not only converged the fluids and drove them to move upwards, but also the fluids often crossed the faults to the edges of the basin at the bottom of these faults and the lithologic interfaces, and even migrated to the basin＇s edges from top to bottom along the faults, which may be one of the basic reasons for the stratabound deposits to cluster mainly along the contemporaneous faults on the inner border of the basin. The superposed mineralization resulting from the multi-stage activity of contemporaneous faults and ore-forming fluid systems in the basin may be one of the key factors for forming superlarge ore deposits.     

滇东南薄竹山花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

通过对滇东南薄竹山花岗复式岩体3个代表性花岗岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测试,获得了该岩体的形成时代。其中,雷达站单元样品的²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U加权平均年龄为（86.51±0.52） Ma(MSWD值为2.4);所作底单元样品的²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U 加权平均年龄为（87.54±0.65）  Ma(MSWD值为1.6);洋芋树单元样品的²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U 加权平均年龄为（87.83±0.39）  Ma (MSWD值为0.15)。这些分布比较集中的年龄数据为薄竹山花岗岩体提供了一个准确的形成时限。这些年龄数据表明,薄竹山花岗岩体同区域内的其它岩浆岩和与之相关的个旧、大厂、都龙超大型锡多金属矿床等都是晚白垩世的产物,均为华南西部地区岩浆-成矿带的重要组成部分,也是华南西部晚白垩世大规模成岩成矿作用在滇东南地区的又一具体表现。     

西太平洋副热带高压对华北地区降水蒸发差的影响

采用小波相关和交叉小波变换等方法, 分析了西太平洋副热带高压脊线和北界位置变化对华北地区降水蒸发差的影响。结果表明, 2000年以来华北区南部的水资源短缺问题有所缓解, 但以北京为中心的华北区东北部仍处于持续缺水期; 华北地区降水蒸发差与副热带高压脊线及北界位置变化相关密切, 存在年际和年代际尺度的显著相关振荡, 与副热带高压脊线的年代际尺度相关凝聚性最强; 时域中年际尺度相关存在局部化特征, 年代际尺度相关具有阶段性。分析认为, 2000年以来副热带高压脊线和北界位置偏北并维持反气旋型环流, 有利于水汽向华北输送, 使得华北降水增多, 是近年来华北中南部降水蒸发差增大的主要原因; 而东亚季风减弱不利于西南气流的水汽输送, 以及蒙古高原显著增暖导致蒸发增大等因素, 使得华北东北部仍处于持续缺水期。     

Thickness distribution and extent of sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and surrounding waters observed in 2012/2013 austral summer

Three ship-based observational campaigns were conducted to survey sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and the surrounding waters(64.40°S–69.40°S, 76.11°E–81.29°E) from 28 November 2012 to 3 February 2013. In this paper, we present the sea ice extent and its variation, and the ice and snow thickness distributions and their variations with time in the observed zone. In the pack ice zone, the southern edge of the pack ice changed little, whereas the northern edge retreated significantly during the two earlier observation periods. Compared with the pack ice, the fast ice exhibited a significantly slower variation in extent with its northernmost edge retreating southwards by 6.7 km at a rate of 0.37 km?d-1. Generally, ice showed an increment in thickness with increasing latitude from the end of November to the middle of December. Ice and snow thickness followed an approximate normal distribution during the two earlier observations(79.7±28.9 cm, 79.1±19.1 cm for ice thickness, and 11.6±6.1 cm, 9.6±3.4 cm for snow thickness, respectively), and the distribution tended to be more concentrated in mid-December than in late November. The expected value of ice thickness decreased by 0.6 cm, whereas that of snow thickness decreased by 2 cm from 28 November to 18 December 2012. Ice thickness distribution showed no obvious regularity between 31 January and 3 February, 2013.