基于遥感技术的近30年中亚地区主要湖泊变化

在全球气候变暖的背景下,研究中亚干旱半干旱地区主要湖泊的变化不仅对内陆水资源管理和可持续发展有着重要意义,也为进一步研究湖泊变化对气候变化和人类活动的响应提供基础。获取1978年MSS、1989年TM、1998年TM及2010年ETM的同季相4期遥感图像数据,通过人工解译提取中亚地区7个湖泊信息,获得近30 a的湖泊面积变化;利用T/P和Envisat雷达高度计提取1992—2012年的湖泊水位信息;基于湖泊面积和水位的时空变化特征分析了湖泊变化的影响因素。结果表明:近30 a来,由于湖泊类型的不同,除萨雷卡梅什湖外的其他6个湖泊均出现不同程度的面积缩减;其中,平原尾闾湖面积变化最显著,高山封闭湖相对平稳,吞吐湖泊的面积变化相对复杂;湖泊的水位变化模式因流域和湖泊类型而异;高山封闭湖泊受气候的影响较大,而吞吐湖泊受人为因素影响显著。     

内蒙古温根地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

区域地球化学研究对于区域地质矿产预测具有重要指导意义。以内蒙古温根地区水系沉积物地球化学特征为研究对象,将研究区元素的富集共生规律、组合异常特征、矿致异常解释和区域地质、构造、矿化作用有机结合,总结研究区内地球化学异常对矿化的指示作用,揭示温根地区可能的成矿元素和矿致异常特征,进而为查明温根地区的成矿有利地段提供预测依据。研究结果显示,区内Cu、Mo、Au具有较大成矿潜力。基于异常解释和排序结果,优选出有色金属找矿远景区3处。     

重庆不同天气系统短历时设计暴雨雨型比较研究

利用重庆主城区沙坪坝国家基本气象站1961—2017年逐分钟降雨资料,根据暴雨成因选取大范围区域暴雨型和局地强对流天气型两类短历时暴雨样本,采用PilgrimCordery法推求设计暴雨雨型,并比较两类天气系统下短历时设计暴雨雨型的差异。结果显示:区域暴雨型样本数占总样本数52.6%,60 min历时单峰型和均匀型占比分别为36.7%和26.7%,120 min历时多为单峰型且峰值在中部,180 min历时雨型主要为峰值在前部的单峰型。而强对流天气型样本数占总样本数的47.4%,短历时雨型基本都为峰值在前部的单峰型。相比区域暴雨型,强对流天气型设计暴雨雨型峰值位置出现较早,峰值强度偏强,降雨累积过程更快。60 min、120 min和180 min峰值分别提前5 min、35 min和20 min,10 a重现期峰值强度分别偏强0.5 mm·min~(-1)、0.9 mm·min~(-1)和0.9 mm·min~(-1)。在设计降雨量相同的情况下,强对流天气型平均积水时间更长,积水量更大,导致的内涝问题更突出。     

天津市北辰区设施农业温光气候资源变化分析

利用北辰区气象站近40 a(1971-2010年)冬季的气象观测资料,对影响设施农业生产的温光气候资源和主要气象灾害变化进行了分析.结果认为:温度资源变化利于设施农业生产,光照资源的变化则与之相反,低温、连阴天等农业气象灾害对设施农业的影响加剧,尤以中度和重度灾害的发生明显,北辰区的这一变化对研究我国北方大城市郊区设施农业生产的气候资源变化具有借鉴意义.     

一次黄海海雾成因分析及数值模拟试验

根据GOES-9(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite）可见光卫星云图和韩国济州岛探空资料等,利用RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)模式（6.1版）对2009年3月17-18日发生在黄海海域的一次大风条件下出现的海雾天气进行模拟。结果表明：与卫星云图所显示的雾区范围相比,模拟结果对海雾的生成、发展、移动都有较好吻合;云水混合比是影响大气水平能见度分布的主要因子,云水混合比大值区主要集中在距地面300 m以下的低空;雾区存在几个云水混合比大值区,并分布在不同的高度,说明海雾的团状不均匀结构;海上平流雾常发生在风速较大的情况下,RAMS模式对此具有一定的模拟能力。     

Numerical simulation and evaluation of Asian dust events observed in Mongolia in spring 2011

The Asian dust forecasting model, Mongolian Asian Dust Aerosol Model (MGLADAM), has been operated by the National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring of Mongolia since 2010, for the forecast of Asian dust storms. In order to evaluate the performance of the dust prediction model, we simulated Asian dust events for the period of spring 2011. Simulated features were compared with observations from two sites in the dust source region of the Gobi desert in Mongolia, and in the downstream region in Korea. It was found that the simulated wind speed and friction velocity showed a good correlation with observations at the Erdene site (one of the sites in the Gobi desert). The results show that the model is proficient in the simulation of dust concentrations that are within the same order of magnitude and have similar start and end times, compared with PM₁₀ observed at two monitoring sites in the Gobi regions. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the dust simulation ranges up to 200 μg m^?3 because of the high concentrations in source regions, which is three times higher than that in the downstream region. However, the spatial pattern of dust concentration matches well with dust reports from synoptic observation. In the downwind regions, it was found that the model simluated all reported dust cases successfully. It was also found that the RMSE in the downwind region increased when the model integration time increased, but that in the source regions did not show consistent change. It suggests that MGLADAM has the potential to be used as an operational dust forecasting model for predicting major dust events over the dust source regions as well as predicting transported dust concentrations over the downstream region. However, it is thought that further improvement in the emission estimation is necessary, including accurate predictions in surface and boundary layer meteorology. In the downwind regions, background PM₁₀ concentration is considerably affected by other aerosol species, suggesting that a consideration of anthropogenic pollutants will be required for accurate dust forecasting.     

SROCC:海洋热含量变化评估

工业革命以来,大气中温室气体不断增加,驱动了全球变暖。IPCC第五次评估报告(AR5)指出,人类排放的温室气体导致的地球系统能量增加中90%以上都被海洋吸收,使得海洋增暖,海洋热含量增加。IPCC最新发布的《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈特别报告》(SROCC)发现：自1970年以来,几乎确定海洋上层2000 m在持续增暖。1993—2017年间的增暖速率至少为1969—1993年的2倍,体现出显著的变暖增强趋势。此外,在20世纪90年代以后,2000 m以下的深海也已观测到了变暖信号,尤其是在南大洋(30°S以南)。在1970—2017年间,南大洋上层2000 m储存了全球海洋约35%~43%的热量,在2005—2017年期间增加到45%~62%。基于耦合气候模型预估,几乎可确定海洋将在21世纪持续增暖,2018—2100年间海洋热含量上升幅度可能是1970—2017年间的5~7倍(RCP8.5情景)或2~4倍(RCP2.6情景)。变暖导致的热膨胀效应贡献了1993年以来全球海平面上升的约43%。     

Statistical decadal predictions for sea surface temperatures: a benchmark for dynamical GCM predictions

Accurate decadal climate predictions could be used to inform adaptation actions to a changing climate. The skill of such predictions from initialised dynamical global climate models (GCMs) may be assessed by comparing with predictions from statistical models which are based solely on historical observations. This paper presents two benchmark statistical models for predicting both the radiatively forced trend and internal variability of annual mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on a decadal timescale based on the gridded observation data set HadISST. For both statistical models, the trend related to radiative forcing is modelled using a linear regression of SST time series at each grid box on the time series of equivalent global mean atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The residual internal variability is then modelled by (1) a first-order autoregressive model (AR1) and (2) a constructed analogue model (CA). From the verification of 46 retrospective forecasts with start years from 1960 to 2005, the correlation coefficient for anomaly forecasts using trend with AR1 is greater than 0.7 over parts of extra-tropical North Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and western Pacific. This is primarily related to the prediction of the forced trend. More importantly, both CA and AR1 give skillful predictions of the internal variability of SSTs in the subpolar gyre region over the far North Atlantic for lead time of 2–5 years, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.5. For the subpolar gyre and parts of the South Atlantic, CA is superior to AR1 for lead time of 6–9 years. These statistical forecasts are also compared with ensemble mean retrospective forecasts by DePreSys, an initialised GCM. DePreSys is found to outperform the statistical models over large parts of North Atlantic for lead times of 2–5 years and 6–9 years, however trend with AR1 is generally superior to DePreSys in the North Atlantic Current region, while trend with CA is superior to DePreSys in parts of South Atlantic for lead time of 6–9 years. These findings encourage further development of benchmark statistical decadal prediction models, and methods to combine different predictions.