Computer simulation of the particle acceleration in pulsar magnetospheres

In the spherically-symmetric case, a computer simulation of the electron acceleration inside the outflow channel of the pulsar magnetosphere is produced. The stationary motion of electrons is shown to be unstable in the case of > _c, where is a parameter describing inhomogeneity of the background charge, and _c is its critical value. The arising non-stationary motion of electrons leads to a formation of electron bunches, which move chaotically. The mean electron energy appears to be much greater at the non-stationary motion, than at the stationary one. The time-averaged parameters of the non-stationary electron flow and their dependence upon have been investigated. Distributions of the mean values of parameters (charge density, electron velocity, electric field energy density, pressure, and internal energy of the gas composed of the electron bunches) over the magnetosphere altitude have been investigated. The mean spectra of the charge density have been obtained. The results of numerical investigation of the spherically-symmetric model are used for estimation of the electron energy and of the electron flux in the case of the more realistic model. The radioemission loss is estimated, and is shown to be large enough for explaining the radiopulsar phenomenon as a thermal radioemission of the pulsar magnetosphere. In particular, such common properties of the pulsar radioemission as the high bright temperature, the sharp radioemission directivity, and the characteristic turn-over of the radioemission spectrum at the frequency of the order 10⁸ Hz are found a natural explanation in frames of this model.     

The production of light elements in unconventional cosmologies with VMOs

The abundances of light elements (deuterium, helium and lithium) are calculated in unconventional cosmologies in which these elements are produced by interaction of fast -particles ejected by massive pregalactic stars with a purely hydrogenous cosmological substrate. The number density and energetics of such stars needed for suitable production of light elements are estimated. It is shown that the models always lead to overproduction of lithium. The intensity of ultraviolet, X-ray, and -ray emission caused by explosions of pregalactic massive stars is calculated. The distortions of cosmic background radiation by Compton losses of electrons heated by explosive stars are also calculated.     

Hydrodynamical models of type II supernovae

A series of hydrodynamical models of type-II supernova outbursts (SNII) has been calculated. Approximate relations connecting the total outburst energy ε, the mass of envelope ejectedM, the presupernova radiusR, and the amount of ionizing quanta radiated by the supernovaeN _H with such values as the duration of the light curve plateau Δt, and absolute magnitude in the wavelength bandV and photospheric velocityU _PH observed near the middle of the plateau have been established. Advantage has been taken of the relations to obtain a preliminary evaluation for the characteristics of the average SN II: ε=7×10⁵⁰ erg,M=6M _⊙,R=500R _⊙,N _H=2×10⁵⁸. The SNIIs with plateau-like light curves seem to be accounted for by thermonuclear explosions of degenerate cores of red giant stars and result in a total disruption of the star without any stellar remnant. To the contrary, SNIIs with linear light curves have substantially different properties (in particular, they throw considerably less massive envelopes off). These SNII must signify the birth of collapsed objects—neutron stars (pulsars) or black holes.     

Evolution of melt composition during intrusion of basalts into a silicic magma chamber

The article describes heat exchange between basaltic and rhyolite melts accompanied by fractional crystallization of phases in a basaltic melt. A numerical model has been developed for the homogenization mechanism of magma composition during intrusion of basaltic magma batches into felsic magma chambers. The results of numerical modeling demonstrate that the time needed for cooling the basalts and their fractionation to rhyolite melts is much shorter than the time required for chemical interaction based on diffusive mechanisms.     

Changes of deformational and reservoir properties of arenaceous-argillaceous rocks due to operation of underground gas storage facilities

This paper discusses issues of the decline of the reservoir properties of arenaceous-argillaceous rocks as a result of declining porosity due to long-term operation of underground gas storage facilities. An analysis of the many-year operation of storage facilities, as well as calculation, has revealed that the active capacity of a storage reservoir gradually decreases under certain conditions of underground storage operations. We performed a series of experiments with model specimens in order to support the hypothesis of decreasing reservoir (capacity-filtration) properties because of changes in the value and structure of the pore space. These experiments showed that the cyclic loading and unloading of arenaceous-silty rocks during long-term operation of underground gas storage facilities can significantly decrease the reservoir parameters of reservoirs created within worked out gas-and-gas condensate fields. Laboratory studies of model specimens corresponding to feldspar sandstone in their composition, porosity, and strength proved that porosity considerably decreases in such reservoirs at actually existing values of formation pressure. Tests of sand performed under conditions close to those existing during the development of hydrocarbon fields also showed that their permeability gradually decreases in the process of cyclic changes of effective pressure.     

Silica phase transformations in the petroliferous sequences

The joint evolution of organic matter and silica in petroliferous sequences is considered in the terms of the laws of transformation of dispersion systems. The dispersion systems are transformed under conditions of low-temperature solid-phase processes accompanied by the silica phase transition and dehydration that favors the evolution of organic matter.     

甲醛标准储备液浓度的不确定度评定

讨论了影响甲醛标准溶液浓度标定值不确定的各种因素,并评定了甲醛标准溶液浓度标定值的不确定度。当甲醛标准溶液浓度为1058 mg/L时,它的相对标准不确定度为0.70%(K=2)。     

纺织品中偶氮染料还原液内芳香胺的电喷雾电离质谱分析

在优化的条件下,用电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)检测了多种纺织品中由偶氮染料还原获得的芳香胺。当毛细管温度为100℃、鞘气流速为25单位、进样流速为10μL/min、电压为5kV时,信号的总离子流强度高且较稳定。实验分析了19种致癌芳香胺标准溶液的二级质谱,获得了相应物质的特征碎片离子;在此基础上,建立了基于ESI-MS对毛巾、棉布等样品中芳香胺进行快速定性分析的方法,具有灵敏度高、特异性好、检测速度快等优点。     

流体包裹体成分测定的低温相变和显微拉曼光谱分析技术研究进展

论述了包裹体低温分析技术的原理以及进展。传统的流体包裹体低温分析技术是以显微冷冻测温测定无机盐体系为主,目前已发展到应用低温原位拉曼光谱技术对包裹体中的阳离子和阴离子进行定量-半定量分析。油气包裹体原位低温分析技术也取得了较大的突破,对不同成分油气包裹体低温下的相变过程取得了一定的认识,据此对油气包裹体进行分类,推测其主要成分,为油气包裹体计算提供基础参数。