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911.
采用复合单元法建立了模拟裂隙多孔介质变饱和流动的数值模型。该模型具有以下特点:裂隙不需要离散成特定单元,而是根据几何位置插入到孔隙基质单元中形成复合单元;在复合单元中,分别建立裂隙流和孔隙基质流的计算方程,二者通过裂隙-基质界面产生联系并整合成复合单元方程;复合单元方程具有和常规有限单元方程相同的格式,因此,可以使用常规有限单元方程的求解技术。采用欠松弛迭代、集中质量矩阵以及自适应时步调节等技术,开发了裂隙多孔介质变饱和流动计算程序。通过模拟一维干土入渗和复杂裂隙含水层内的流动问题,验证了该模型的合理性和适用性。模拟结果为进一步认识非饱和裂隙含水层地下水流动特性提供了理论依据。 相似文献
912.
913.
本文应用古地温恢复法及盆地模拟法,恢复鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起西南缘奥陶系最大古地温梯度、热演化史和生烃史。根据钻孔测温曲线求得渭北隆起现今地温梯度为3.12℃/100m。该区在二叠纪和三叠纪进入快速沉降阶段,早侏罗世早白垩世进入缓慢沉降阶段,晚白垩世以来进入抬升剥蚀阶段,剥蚀厚度在1100~1300 m。旬邑地区奥陶系烃源岩在早二叠世约270 Ma进入生油窗,晚三叠世约210 Ma进入成熟生油阶段。晚侏罗世约150 Ma开始大量生气,在早白垩世末期96 Ma左右,地层达到最大埋深及最高古地温,达到生气高峰。热史恢复及模拟结果表明旬邑地区早白垩世地温梯度最高可达到5.0℃/100 m,是主要生气期。 相似文献
914.
发生在同一断层部位上0.5~4.0级的重复地震(也称重复微震)是研究断裂带深部变形的天然(有力)工具.本文系统汇集了川滇地区主要断裂带识别出的76组重复地震研究结果,构建了川滇地区重复地震的时空分布图像和断裂带深部变形时空演化特征,结果表明:丽江-宁蒗断裂带在脆韧转换带约23 km深处的滑动速率为4.3~5.4 mm·a-1,小江断裂带3.0~12.3 km深处的滑动速率为1.6~10.1 mm·a-1,红河断裂带北段在6.0~13.4 km深处的滑动速率为2.3~10.0 mm·a-1,鲜水河断裂带南段3.0~18.7 km深处的滑动速率为3.0~10.2 mm·a-1,龙门山断裂带在4.0~17.3 km的汶川8.0级地震孕育深处的滑动速率为3.5~9.6 mm·a-1,龙门山断裂带南端3.6~18.7 km处滑动速率为5.8~10.2 mm·a-1.综合分析认为:川滇地区主要边界断裂带的深部滑动速率较为一致,揭示了川滇地块和巴颜喀拉地块整体协同变形的特征.由重复微震与深部滑动速率变化构建了孕震深处的变形模式,即重复微震与断裂带局部闭锁段在空间位置上存在密切的关联性,强震前孕震闭锁区存在明显的深浅部构造形变差异,震前存在的深部加速变形过程可能是断层亚失稳阶段的具体表征.
相似文献915.
Earthquakes can cause violent liquefaction of the soil, resulting in unstable foundations that can cause serious damage to facilities such as buildings, roads, and dikes. This is a primary cause of major earthquake disasters. Therefore, the discrimination and prediction of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction has been a hot issue in geohazard research. The soil liquefaction assessment is an integral part of engineering practice. This paper evaluated a dataset of 435 seismic sand liquefaction events using machine learning algorithms. The dataset was analyzed using seven potential assessment parameters. Ten machine learning algorithms are evaluated for their ability to assess seismic sand liquefaction potential, including Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Classification Tree (CT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM). A 10-fold cross-validation (CV) method was used in the modeling process to verify the predictive performance of the machine learning models. The final percentages of significant parameters that influenced the prediction results were obtained as Cyclic Stress Ratio ($ mathrm{C}mathrm{S}mathrm{R} $) and Shear-Wave Velocity ($ {V}_{mathrm{S}1} $) with 56% and 38%, respectively. The final machine learning algorithms identified as suitable for seismic sand liquefaction assessment were the CT, RF, XGBoost algorithms, with the RF algorithm performing best. 相似文献
916.
CHEN Xiao-jing WANG Jie ZOU Li-yang YAO Pan LEI Man-hong LIAO Jing-sheng 《山地科学学报》2023,93(7):1884-1899
The evolution of mountainous topography is the result of the interactions of climate, topography, and erosion. Glaciers are one of the most active erosional forces sculpting mountainous regions. However, our ability to understand this erosional force is limited by the controversy regarding the major factors controlling glacial erosion. We selected the Nianbaoyeze Shan, which is occupied by subcontinental glaciers (likely cold-based or polythermal glaciers) in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, to study how erosion by alpine glaciers sculpts the landscape. We first applied a power law model ($ y=a{x}^{b} $) fit to the cross-profiles of glacial valleys and analyzed the controlling factor of glacial erosion; we then identified the morphometric characteristics of the cirques to analyze the influencing factors, and investigated the development patterns of glacial valleys and cirques. Finally, we used hypsometry and the slope-altitude curves and reconstructed the palaeo-glacier surfaces and palaeo-Equilibrium Line Altitudes (ELAs) to determine if the glacial buzzsaw effect had impacted this glaciated region with subcontinental glaciers. Our findings show that ice flux is the main factor controlling glacial erosion. In this region, decreasing temperatures promote an increase in glacier mean size (i.e., ice flux), which enhances the rate of glacial erosion. Cirque morphology is mainly influenced by aspect and the ELA. The development patterns of glacial valleys and cirques were dominated by a widening process. The ELAs of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)-3 derived from the cirque floor altitudes or the Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR) and Area-Altitude Balance Ratio (AABR) coincide with the hypsometric maximum and the reduction in slope-altitude curves, which indicates that glacial buzzsaw has impacted this region. Furthermore, the glacial buzzsaw effect has profoundly influenced the mountain heights and topographic evolution in this subcontinental glaciated region. 相似文献
917.
To improve the soil and water stability of expansive soil slopes and reduce the probability of slope failure, novel protection systems based on polymer waterproof coatings (PWC) were used in this study. Herein, three groups of expansive soil slope model tests were designed to investigate the effects of polyester nonwovens and PWC (P-PWC) composite protection system, three-dimensional vegetation network and PWC (T-PWC) composite protection system, and non-protection on the soil and water behavior in the slopes under precipitation–evaporation cycles. The results showed that the moisture change of P-PWC and T-PWC composite protected slopes was significantly smaller than that of bare slope, which reduced the sensitivity of slope moisture to environmental changes and improved its stability. The soil temperature of the slope protected by the P-PWC and T-PWC systems at a depth of 70 cm increased by 5.6℃ and 2.7℃, respectively. Using PWC composite protection systems exhibited better thermal storage performance, which could increase the utilization of shallow geothermal resources. Moreover, the maximum average crack widths of the bare slopes were 7.89 and 3.17 times those of the P-PWC and T-PWC protected slopes, respectively, and the maximum average crack depths were 6.87 and 3 times those of the P-PWC and T-PWC protected slopes, separately. The P-PWC protection system weakened the influence of hydro–thermal coupling on the slopes, inhibited the development of cracks on the slopes, and reduced the soil erosion. The maximum soil erosion of slopes protected by P-PWC and T-PWC systems was 332 and 164 times lower than that of bare slope, respectively. The P-PWC and T-PWC protection systems achieved excellent 相似文献
918.
ZHANG Shi-hang; CHEN Yu-sen; LU Yong-xing; GUO Hao; GUO Xing; ZHOU Xiao-bing; ZHANG Yuan-ming 《山地科学学报》2023,20(11):3203-3214
This study was conducted to analyze the variation of soil multifunctionality (SMF) along elevation and the driving factors in the Altun Shan. Soil samples (0–10 cm) were collected from 15 sites (H01 to H15) at every 200 m elevation interval, covering a total range from 900 m to 3500 m above mean sea level. We investigated climate factors (mean annual temperature, MAT; mean annual precipitation, MAP), soil environment (soil water content, electrical conductance, and pH), vegetation factors, and elevation to determine which of them are the main driving factors of the spatial variability of SMF in the Altun Shan. We explored the best-fit model of SMF along the changes in elevation using a structural equation model, performed variance partitioning analysis (VPA) on SMF with the "varpart" function to explain the relative contribution of various environmental factors to SMF changes, and used a random forest model for relative importance analysis. The results showed that SMF in the Altun Shan significantly increased with elevation in a linear trend. The main driver of changes in SMF was found to be MAP. Although the rise in elevation did not have a significant direct effect on changes in SMF, it could indirectly affect SMF by significantly influencing MAP, pH, MAT, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). When considering climate, soil environment, and vegetation factors together, they explained 76% of the variation in SMF. The largest contribution to the variation in SMF was attributed to the independent effect of climate (0.31) and its interactive effect with soil (0.30). The relative importance of MAP on SMF changes was found to be the greatest. It is indicated that changes in SMF are caused by the combined effect of multiple e nvironmental conditions. These findings are essential for understanding the spatial variability and drivers of SMF in dryland mountain ecosystems, especially concerning the function of mountain ecosystems in the context of global climatic changes. 相似文献
919.
鄂尔多斯盆地西缘羊虎沟组时期为加里东运动后复活的坳拉槽,羊虎沟组分布面积广,厚度变化大,发育良好的生储盖组合,具有巨大的勘探潜力。由于该地区构造运动强烈,沉积环境变化频繁,致使砂体沉积成因复杂。目前对羊虎沟组砂体成因机制缺乏系统研究,单一的沉积模式无法全面概括各类砂体的沉积特征与展布规律。通过野外剖面、岩心观察、钻井资料、物源分析等方法,共识别出6种岩相组合类型。基于岩性、粒度、沉积构造及各时期砂体展布等特征,对其成因机制及沉积过程进行了系统讨论。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘羊虎沟组砂体成因主要为河控三角洲、潮控三角洲、扇三角洲、障壁岛海岸、无障壁海岸和滑塌重力流6类。羊虎沟组时期整体气候潮湿,羊三段至羊二段沉积时期海平面逐渐上升,至羊二段达到最高之后逐渐下降。羊三段沉积时期为裂陷早期,主要在研究区北部发育潮控三角洲和扇三角洲砂体,中部局部可见潮汐砂脊砂体,南部砂体整体表现为无障壁海岸沉积。羊二段沉积时期为裂陷高潮期,地貌落差加大致使水体快速变深,砂体主要分布于盆地边缘;盆地中央深水部位发育点状滑塌重力流砂体,东部靠近中央古隆起一侧的潮汐砂脊逐渐被改造为障壁沙坝,古隆起高部位则为潮坪和潟湖沉积。羊一段沉积时期,构造活动减弱且鄂尔多斯盆地逐渐东西连通,物源供应充足,地貌变缓,发育大面积具前积特征的河控三角洲砂体。羊虎沟组砂体成因机制受构造运动、古地貌演化、物源供给、古气候、海平面变化等多因素共同影响,但砂体展布与沉积过程主要受控于构造活动与古地理演化。该研究成果丰富了鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探理论和裂陷盆地砂体成因机制。 相似文献
920.
克拉通内裂陷对四川盆地及周缘海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探有利区带具有重要的控制作用,大量露头证据揭示鄂西—渝东地区早寒武世克拉通内裂陷的存在。研究充分利用野外露头与钻井资料,结合相关构造背景与地球动力学成因,在前人研究基础上明确提出早寒武世鄂西渝东克拉通内裂陷发育的综合识别标志,并刻画了裂陷的沉积充填演化过程以及对古地理格局的控制。结果表明:1)裂陷呈南宽北窄、东缓西陡的不对称箕状形态;2)受裂陷西缘同沉积断裂控制,裂陷内地层沉积厚度与深—浅水沉积、斜坡相沉积均具明显分异性,分异程度与断裂活动性呈正相关关系;3)在早寒武世裂陷以补偿沉积充填为主,其内部由初期陆棚沉积向末期碳酸盐岩台地过渡,根据充填特性可将裂陷演化划分为裂陷(水井沱组沉积期)、坳陷(沧浪铺组沉积期)、填平补齐(石龙洞组沉积期)3个阶段;4)裂陷的“开启—闭合”是“罗迪尼亚大陆裂解—冈瓦纳大陆聚合”在中、上扬子之间的响应,该构造背景下的古地貌分异、同沉积断裂活动及海平面变化共同控制其古地理格局。鄂西—渝东地区早寒武世克拉通内裂陷的提出不仅为四川盆地克拉通内裂陷作用构造—沉积格局提供了新的认识,也对中上扬子地区油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献