Applicability to Korean Marine Clay of the Mobilized Undrained Vane Shear Strength Using Correction Factors

The undrained shear strength normalized by the yield consolidation pressure, su/pc', is presented for four coastal sites: Busan/Gwangyang and Incheon/Gunsan, having the characteristics of high and low plasticity, respectively. The field vane shear strengths, su(FVT), were compared with unconfined compressive strength, qu/2 which has been used as a representative testing method in Korea. Many researchers have suggested that the undrained shear strength normalized by the yield consolidation pressure, su/pc', depends on Ip. However, the undrained shear strength normalized by the yield consolidation pressure, su/pc' is in the range of 0.25–0.35, independently of the plasticity index, Ip except for su/pc' using qu/2 values in the case of soils having a low plasticity, such as Incheon and Gunsan intermediate soils.

Bjerrum's correction factor has been commonly applied to evaluate mobilized undrained shear strength using the field vane test in Korea. However, the corrected undrained shear strengths using Bjerrum's correction factor, including Morris and Williams' method, were considerably underestimated for Korean marine clay when compared with the qu/2 values that have been used as the mobilized undrained shear strength for practical design in Korea.     

Distribution of small plastic debris in cross-section and high strandline on Heungnam beach, South Korea

The spatial distribution of small plastic debris on Heungnam beach in February 2011 was investigated. The abundances of small plastic debris over 2 mm in size along the high strandline and cross-sectional line of the beach were determined. The mean abundances of small plastics were 976 ± 405 particles/m² at the high strandline in the upper tidal zone along the shoreline and 473 ± 866 particles/m² at the cross-section perpendicular to the shoreline. Specifically, styrofoam (expanded polystyrene) spherules accounted for 90.7% of the total plastic abundance in the high strandline and 96.3% in the cross-section. The spatial distribution patterns of small plastic debris differed between the high strandline and cross-sectional line. The cross-sectional distribution of small plastic abundance differed among plastic types, indicating that representative sampling of small plastic debris on a beach is necessary.     

西藏巴松错浮游植物功能群垂直分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解青藏高原湖泊浮游植物功能群垂直分布特征与环境因子的关系,本文选取西藏东南部最大的高山冰川堰塞湖之一的巴松错为研究对象,于2017年11月(枯水期)和2018年9月(丰水期)在湖心利用挂锤式深水采样器进行浮游植物垂直分层采样,共设置7个断面,采集水样84个.应用浮游植物功能群、相关性分析、冗余分析(RDA)等方法,对巴松错浮游植物功能群垂直分布特征及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明:1)巴松错水体稳定性强,水温有明显的分层现象,枯水期在30~60 m处形成温跃层,丰水期在1~15 m和30~60 m处形成双温跃层;2)巴松错浮游植物群落共鉴定7门76属242种,物种组成均表现为硅藻蓝藻绿藻型结构;3)根据浮游植物功能群分类方法,可划分为25个功能群,分别为A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H1、H2、J、L M、L O、M、MP、N、P、S1、S2、T、W1、W2、X1、X2、X3和Y,优势功能群从枯水期的MP、D、L O、P转变为丰水期的D、F、L O、MP、N、P,其中MP功能群为巴松错浮游植物群落绝对优势群;4)通过RDA表明,不同水情期浮游植物功能群垂直分布特征受环境因子影响差异较明显,整体上,pH、总氮和氨氮浓度是影响浮游植物功能群分布格局的主要环境因子.     

西藏尼洋河水生生物群落时空动态及与环境因子关系:3.大型底栖动物

于2008-2009年按照季节调查了西藏地区尼洋河大型底栖动物群落的组成和丰度,并运用多元统计方法定量分析了大型底栖动物的空间和季节变化特征及其与主要环境因子之间的关系.结果显示,石蚕幼虫、萝卜螺以及摇蚊幼虫是尼洋河主要的大型底栖动物,另外,随着海拔的升高,尼洋河大型底栖动物总丰度呈现降低趋势;Duncan检验法显示,物种总丰度在各采样点之间均不存在显著性差异;PCA方法显示,对于采样点,大型底栖动物总丰度最大值和最小值分别出现在采样点Ⅳ和采样点Ⅱ,对于季节,大型底栖动物总丰度最大值和最小值分别出现在秋季和冬季;CCA方法显示,可分别从尼洋河中上游和中下游两个河段来概括尼洋河大型底栖动物与环境因子之间的关系;CART模型显示,从11项环境因子筛选了4项环境因子用以解释它们与大型底栖动物总丰度之间的相互关系,这4项环境因子包括矿化度、总磷、海拔和季节,建议加强对大型底栖动物及这些环境因子的关注,保障尼洋河水域生态环境的可持续发展.     

西藏拉萨河中下游不同水文期浮游植物优势种生态位及种间联结性

为了探究拉萨河中下游浮游植物群落优势种生态位及种间联结性,本文选取拉萨河中下游干流及其支流作为研究地点,设置了17个样点,于2015年5月、8月和2016年11月共采集了3个水文期的水样。通过定量样品和活体观察相结合的方法鉴定浮游植物物种,使用直接计数法统计浮游植物数量,共鉴定393种,隶属于6门8纲24目48科100属。计算优势种的优势度指数(Y),运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠值和生态响应速率、总体联结性、χ²检验以及共同岀现百分比分析优势种的生态位及种间联结性。结果表明：浮游植物整体为硅藻绿藻蓝藻型群落特征,浮游植物优势种(Y>0.02)共19种,均隶属硅藻门,其中尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、双头针杆藻(S. amphicephala)等7个优势种是3个水文期的共有优势种,优势种岀现频率和优势度在不同水文期均有差异。优势种的生态位宽度变化范围为0.089～0.751,双头针杆藻在3个水文期均为优势种且生态位宽度值均大于0.5,表现出较强的生态适应性,属广生态位种;短小曲壳藻(Achnathes exigua)种间相互竞争激烈且生境趋向于特化,可作...     

1961—2017年岳阳人体舒适度变化特征

利用1961-2017年岳阳市国家气象观测站日平均气温、日平均相对湿度和日平均风速资料计算逐日人体舒适度指数,并采用线性倾向估计方法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验及小波分析法分析年平均指数和各等级日数的变化特征。结果表明:19612017年岳阳舒适日数最多,冷不舒适日数次之,热不舒适日数最少;岳阳较舒适的月份是5月和10月,最热不舒适的月份是7月和8月,最冷不舒适的月份是1月;近57年来岳阳人体舒适度指数数值显著上升,主要原因是受到冷不舒适日数减少、舒适日数和热不舒适日数增多等因素共同影响;各月份不同级别日数发生了较大的变化,冷不舒适日数减少、舒适日数增多的变化在3月最明显,舒适日数减少、热不舒适日数增加的变化在7月最明显;岳阳春、秋、冬三季越来越暖,而夏季变得更热;岳阳人体舒适度各级别日数呈现出显著的周期变化,1991年冬季至1992年是岳阳人体舒适度发生突变的时间段;未来几年中岳阳冷不舒适日数将会比2017年的增加,热不舒适日数会先增加后减少,舒适日数将会减少。     

Winter AO/NAO modifies summer ocean heat content and monsoonal circulation over the western Indian Ocean

This paper analyzes the possible influence of boreal winter Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/ NAO) on the Indian Ocean upper ocean heat content in summer as well as the summer monsoonal circulation. The strong interannual co-variation between winter 1000-hPa geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere and summer ocean heat content in the uppermost 120 m over the tropical Indian Ocean was investigated by a singular decomposition analysis for the period 1979–2014. The second paired-modes explain 23.8% of the squared covariance, and reveal an AO/NAO pattern over the North Atlantic and a warming upper ocean in the western tropical Indian Ocean. The positive upper ocean heat content enhances evaporation and convection, and results in an anomalous meridional circulation with ascending motion over 5°S–5°N and descending over 15°–25°N. Correspondingly, in the lower troposphere, significantly anomalous northerly winds appear over the western Indian Ocean north of the equator, implying a weaker summer monsoon circulation. The off-equator oceanic Rossby wave plays a key role in linking the AO/NAO and the summer heat content anomalies. In boreal winter, a positive AO/NAO triggers a down-welling Rossby wave in the central tropical Indian Ocean through the atmospheric teleconnection. As the Rossby wave arrives in the western Indian Ocean in summer, it results in anomalous upper ocean heating near the equator mainly through the meridional advection. The AO/NAO-forced Rossby wave and the resultant upper ocean warming are well reproduced by an ocean circulation model. The winter AO/NAO could be a potential season-lead driver of the summer atmospheric circulation over the northwestern Indian Ocean.     

大风条件下城市冠层流场模拟

发展了基于k-ε湍流闭合方法的城市冠层流场模式,建筑群采用多孔介质来表示,对气流的阻力以形式阻力来描述,采用该模式模拟北京市一个小区的流场,并将模拟结果与北京325 m气象塔观测资料进行比较,结果表明:在大风情况下,计算风廓线与观测拟合风廓线比较吻合.该模式可以用于大风条件下城市冠层流场的模拟.     

北京海淀地区大气边界层的数值模拟研究

采用北京大学的三维复杂地形中尺度数值模式,利用Landsat-TM卫星影像图得到的地表状况计算陆气之间的能量平衡过程,模拟了北京海淀地区大气边界层的风、温场结构以及污染物浓度分布,进而模拟了由于汽车尾气的排放而转化成的气溶胶的浓度分布.模拟表明城郊之间存在热岛效应,边界层风场受到热岛的热力作用以及地形的动力作用影响.污染物及气溶胶浓度也存在城乡差别,最大浓度出现在城区的下风方向.