青海盐湖镁资源开发与利用研究进展

本文简要介绍了青海盐湖资源的分布、储量,重点对青海盐湖镁资源的研究开发和利用现状进行了综述,分析了其中存在的问题和关键技术瓶颈。在此基础上,对未来青海盐湖镁资源的高值化利用和研究方向进行了展望,并提出了相应的建议。     

Conventional and Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resource Potential Evaluation of Source Rocks and Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Upper Xiaganchaigou Formation,Western Qaidam Basin,Northwest China

The Paleogene upper Xiaganchaigou Formation (E₃²) is the most important source rock and reservoir in the Qaidam Basin. However, there are few studies on the processes of hydrocarbon accumulation in this formation; therefore, its hydrocarbon resource potential has not been estimated reasonably. This paper evaluates the hydrocarbon generation properties in light of an improved hydrocarbon generation and expulsion potential model. According to the geochemical characteristics of source rocks and the petrological features of reservoirs, the potentials of different resource types, including conventional oil, tight oil and shale oil, are quantified by combining the buoyancy-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth (BHAD) and the lower limit for movable resource abundance. The results show that the source rocks are characterized by a large thickness (more than 1000 m), moderate organic matter content, high marginal maturity and a high conversion rate (50% hydrocarbons have been discharged before R_o?=?1%), which provide sufficient oil sources for reservoir formation. Moreover, the reservoirs in the Qaidam Basin consist mainly of low-porosity and low-permeability tight carbonates (porosity of 4.7% and permeability less than 1 mD). The maximum hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, retention and movable retention intensities at present are 350?×?10⁴ t/km², 250?×?10⁴ t/km², 130?×?10⁴ t/km² and 125?×?10⁴ t/km², respectively. The thresholds of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and BHAD were 0.46% R_o, 0.67% R_o and 0.7% R_o, respectively. Moreover, the dynamic evolution process of hydrocarbon accumulation was divided into three evolution stages, namely, (a) initial hydrocarbon accumulation, (b) conventional hydrocarbon reservoir and shale oil accumulation and (c) unconventional tight oil accumulation. The conventional oil, tight oil and movable shale oil resource potentials were 10.44?×?10⁸ t, 51.9?×?10⁸ t and 390?×?10⁸ t, respectively. This study demonstrates the good resource prospects of E₃² in the Qaidam Basin. A comprehensive workflow for unconventional petroleum resource potential evaluation is provided, and it has certain reference significance for other petroliferous basins, especially those in the early unconventional hydrocarbon exploration stage.

     

从郯庐断裂带两侧的“盆”“山”耦合演化 看前白垩纪“郯庐断裂带”的性质

郯庐断裂带的前身是3条重要的边界断裂（古郯庐断裂、辽渤断裂和敦化-密山断裂）,因而前白垩纪其两侧的“盆”“山”发育分属不同的造山动力学和成盆动力学系统。其西．扬子微大陆与华北微大陆之间的秦岭-大别造山带是印支期的碰撞造山带,兴-蒙造山带是海西期的阿尔泰型（增生弧型）造山带,燕山运动时两者都成为陆内造山带。“郯庐断裂带”以东,苏鲁造山带是苏皖地块与胶辽微大陆之间的燕山期碰撞造山带,延吉-清津造山带是胶辽微大陆与兴凯地块之间的印支期碰撞造山带;更北则是由一系列外来地体沿敦化-密山断裂拼贴在西伯利亚次大陆之上而形成的斜向汇聚-剪切造山带（属板间造山带）。在此基础上,分为海西-印支期、侏罗纪和白垩纪3个时代,详细剖析了“郯庐断裂带”两侧与上述造山作用耦合的典型的磨拉石盆地和火山岩盆地的演化及其对比,证实前白垩纪“郯庐断裂带”两侧的盆地各有其独立的发育史,不是被郯庐断裂带左行平移错断的同一个盆地。对“郯庐断裂带”两侧古生代-三叠纪陆表海的研究进一步证实其西的扬子微大陆、华北微大陆、布列亚-佳木斯地块与其东的苏皖地块、胶辽微大陆、兴凯地块曾分属独立的构造单元。早白垩世时,随着新特提斯洋的部分闭合,亚洲大陆的雏形出现,上述3条边界断裂连接成郯庐断裂带并成为陆内的左行走滑断层。     

矢量景观指数在遥感信息提取中的应用——以乾安湖群为例

景观方向性是景观空间格局的重要特征,能够反映和影响景观的生态流.实现快速、准确地从遥感影像上自动提取景观的方向性信息,对于景观的驱动力分析和景观异质性分析等都具有十分重要的意义.本文基于面向对象的方法对乾安县TM影像进行多尺度分割提取湖群,并利用正方像元指数SqP提高分类精度,应用矢量景观指数于分割处理后的湖群对象,提取景观的方向性信息.实验结果表明:该方法对象分割精度高(制图精度:97.8%,用户精度:97.5%),方向性信息提取准确、快速,为湖群的成因分析提供了数量化和可视化依据.本文同时结合了两方面的研究方法,提供了两方面的研究思路:一方面是景观格局指数在影像分类中的应用,另一方面是矢量景观格局理论进一步的应用扩展.     

卫星重力梯度数据的模拟研究

推导了运用地球重力场模型计算单点、格网点以及格网平均的扰动重力梯度复组合分量的公式;提出了广义球谐函数及其定积分的新算法,并利用EGM96地球重力场模型试算了全球地区卫星轨道面上的重力梯度分量的格网平均观测值;通过对角线分量满足Laplace方程的精度,验证了该算法的有效性和实用性。     

基于地理信息数据库编制专题图过程中常见问题初探

基于地理信息数据库编制专题图已逐渐成为编制各种专题图、地形图的主要方式,本文针对编制过程中的常见问题,分析了问题产生的原因,并提出了相应的解决办法,在总结经验的基础上,为读者进行相关工作提供了建议。     

高分辨率SAR数据在土地利用监测中的应用研究

随着高分辨率SAR卫星的陆续发射,其全天时、全天候、高效、准确获取地表数据的能力日益展现出明显的优势。在当前土地资源管理不断要求加快监测周期、扩大应用领域、提高监测成效的紧迫形式下,对SAR数据的深入研究与工程化应用已成为当务之急。本文以土地利用的监测实践为依据,系统分析了SAR传感器的数据基础、影像特征和基于实际应用而需要继续拓展的研究领域。     

动静结合方法计算储层水淹后地层混合液电阻率技术及其在剩余油饱和度解释中的应用——以吉林扶余油田泉四段油层为例

针对国内注水开发油田水淹层测井解释中地层混合液电阻率(Rz)难以确定的问题,提出了一套动静结合确定Rz的新技术。该技术以开发井投产初期含水率资料为基础,结合静态研究成果,反演投产层的地层混合液电阻率(Rz),进而标定井筒中泥浆滤液电阻率(Rmf),在此基础上,应用自然电位测井的基本原理,可以计算垂向上各层的地层混合液电阻率(Rz)。对于初期投产层为单层和多层两种情况,提出了一种迭代算法,均能实现Rz的反演和Rmf的准确标定。以该技术为基础,针对已经进入高含水阶段的扶余油田泉四段油层开展水淹层测井资料的二次解释。通过与密闭取心检查井岩心分析数据对比,剩余油饱和度误差平均为6%。     

A New Look at the Bistatic-to-Monostatic Conversion for Tandem SAR Image Formation

The bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, which are converted into equivalent monostatic data by proper preprocessing, can be processed by standard monostatic focusing algorithms. The dip moveout (DMO) approach, which is derived from seismic data processing, converts the bistatic data into equivalent monostatic data by a short time-domain Rocca's smile operator. A 2-D exact point-target (PT) reference spectrum is derived in this letter for tandem bistatic configuration. The geometry-based bistatic formulation is shown to be actually equivalent to Rocca's smile operator, although they are derived from the pure SAR and geophysics points of view, respectively. Moreover, the new PT spectrum can be extended to deal with azimuth-invariant bistatic SAR data. Interpretations on the equivalent monostatic range wavenumber are presented in this letter, which help understand the conversion from the radar signal processing viewpoint.