An Approach to Spectral Discrimination of Rocks Using ASAI and Rough Sets

Field data of outcrop spectrums provide important basis for modeling of hyper-spectral remote sensing aiming at mineral prospecting. We make an approach to the application of rough set theory in spectral discriminiation of rocks. We build a decision table with an adequate number of samples (out-crops) of known rock type (the universe), of which the conditional atributes are discretized “area spectrum absorption indexes“ (ASAI) corresponding to wavelength intervals, and the decision atribute is rock type. We search to obtain the exhaustive set of reducts of the table, each of which will serve as a variable number of deduction rules. Suppose we have n (usually a very big number) rules in total and there are m types of rocks in our universe, for any unknown sample, we judge its rock type by each of those rules. An unknown sample may be recognized as a different type by different rules because it is out-side our universe, and we accept the most frequent judgment result and ignore the other m-1 types of results. Our ASAI is an improvement upon the traditional spectrum absorption index (SAI), better applicable to field spectrums: given a spectrum curve and a wavelength interval, we take the average reflectance within the interval as a base line and let ASAI=αbelow/(αabove αbelow), where αbelow and αabove stand for total areas, bounded by the curve, the base line and the borders of the intervalbelow and above the base line respectively. With the equipments of FieldSpectr Fr (made by ASD Co., US), we collected data from Baiya gold deposit, Yunnan, and applied the above method to discriminate altered rocks as an experiment. The results show satisfactory performance of the method.     

软土初始应力各向异性弹塑性模型

自然土体处于初始应力状态,其强度和应力-应变关系都呈现出各向异性,而以往广泛使用的剑桥模型是建立在重塑土试验结果的基础上的,因此,计算实际问题时有一定缺陷.在总结了一些在修正剑桥模型基础上进行扩展而得到的各向异性模型,尤其是S-CLAY1模型.然后,假定了初始屈服面的倾角为K0线,这样使S-CLAY1的计算更加简单.此外,还编制了相关程序,进行了比较计算.结果表明,该模型简单合理,参数正确,可以在实际工程中应用.     

山西吕梁山北段岩片法填图新尝试

本文介绍了山西吕梁山北段古老造山带地区运用岩片法填图所取得的主要成果。通过1：25万填图，发现3条重要构造边界，依此划分出3个构造岩片，每个岩片内部都具有二元结构，3个岩片层层叠置，说明了地壳强烈缩短，证明了造山带的存在。而且发生在1850Ma的地质事件是汇聚而不是裂解，吕梁造山使华北陆块真正克拉通化。吕梁造山运动过程中存在两种类型的韧性剪切带，Ⅰ类韧性剪切带是发生在岩片与岩片之间，Ⅱ类韧性剪切带发生在单个岩片的内部，地质图上必须区别对待。     

Finite Element Analysis of Fault Bend Influence on Stick-Slip Instability along an Intra-Plate Fault

— Earthquakes have been recognized as resulting from stick-slip frictional instabilities along the faults between deformable rocks. A three-dimensional finite-element code for modeling the nonlinear frictional contact behaviors between deformable bodies with the node-to-point contact element strategy has been developed and applied here to investigate the fault geometry influence on the nucleation and development process of the stick-slip instability along an intra-plate fault through a typical fault bend model, which has a pre-cut fault that is artificially bent by an angle of 5.6° at the fault center. The numerical results demonstrate that the geometry of the fault significantly affects nucleation, termination and restart of the stick-slip instability along the intra-plate fault, and all these instability phenomena can be well simulated using the current finite-element algorithm.     

考虑应力状态的裂隙岩体渗透系数确定方法简述

系统总结了近四十年来国内外不同学者计算裂隙岩体渗透系数的经验公式,介绍了确定渗透系数的试验方法,讨论了影响渗透系数的若干因数.     

ANSYS/LS-DYNA在地震工程中的应用

近年在国内很流行的大型通用程序ANSYS不但具有强大的前后处理功能、丰富的单元类型和材料库,而且该软件中有一个LS-DYNA模块采用了粘性边界（viscous boundary）来模拟无限域的影响,从而可以方便地、较准确地进行地基动力作用分析.国外利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA进行地基动力作用分析非常普遍,而国内还未见到将ANSYS/LS-DYNA用于地震工程.本文将介绍如何利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA进行地基动力作用分析,同时,由于软件中用于模拟无限域的粘性边界精度较低,本文提出采用精度较高的粘-弹性边界替换粘性边界,从而改善了计算结果.     

A model study of spin-down and circulation in a cold water dome

A three-dimensional prognostic hydrodynamic model in cross sectional form is used to examine the influence of bottom friction, mixing and topography upon the spin-down and steady-state circulation in a cold water bottom-dome. Parameters characteristic of the Irish Sea or Yellow Sea cold water domes are used. In all calculations, motion is induced by specifying an initial temperature distribution characteristic of the dome, and an associated along frontal flow. The spin-down of the dome is found to be influenced by the coefficient of bottom friction, with a typical time scale of order 10 days, and in general to be independent of the chosen initial vertical profile of along frontal flow. However, in the case in which the along frontal flow is such that the near bed velocity is zero, then bottom stress is also zero, and there is no appreciable spin-down. Calculations showed that the formulation of viscosity and diffusivity had a greater effect upon the steady-state circulation than topography, suggesting that background mixing of tidal origin is important. The lack of topographic influence was due mainly to the formulation of the initial conditions which were taken to be independent of topography. The steady-state circulation was characterized by a cyclonic flow in the surface region, with an anti-cyclonic current near the bed, where frictional effects produced a bottom Ekman layer and an across frontal flow. This gave rise to vertical circulation cells in the frontal region of the dome with prevailing downwelling motion inside the dome. A detailed analysis of the dynamic balance of the various terms in the hydrodynamic equations yielded insight into the processes controlling the steady-state circulation in cold water domes. Responsible Editor: Phil Dyke     

南水北调西线一期工程区断层活动性及工程地质评价

南水北调西线一期工程位于青藏高原东部的边缘地带,海拔3 500 m以上,地质条件复杂,断层密集分布,褶皱强烈发育,构造活动频繁.通过ETM卫星影像和野外考察分析了工程引水隧洞线路区断层的空间分布及活动特征.工程区以桑日麻断裂、鲜水河断裂和甘德南断裂等对工程的影响最大,是潜在的发震断裂.深埋长引水隧洞在较高地应力作用下,软弱围岩及宽大断层带物质易产生大变形和长期流变.引水线路区褶皱、断层构造发育,有利于地下水富集、运移.在静、动水压力下,引水隧洞穿过断层及破碎带时易发生涌水、碎屑流和坍塌等地质灾害.     

鄱阳盆地构造—沉积特征及其演化史

鄱阳盆地是发育在江南—九岭和怀玉—官帽基底拆离造山带上的白垩-古近纪张扭性断陷盆地,明显受近南北走向的赣江走滑断裂系和前白垩系逆冲断裂系晚期反转的双重因素控制,呈“两坳夹一隆”的区域构造格局。受赣江、进贤—石门街走滑断裂夹持的南昌凹陷,呈近南北向凹凸相间展布格局。进贤—石门街走滑断裂以东地区,“南断北超”型断陷自南而北由北东走向渐转为北北东向展布,其源于晚印支-燕山期北东向逆冲断裂在晚期的反转作用,西缘和北部受赣江断裂系东枝走滑断裂影响明显而发生转向。鄱阳盆地经历了早白垩世晚期(冷水坞组沉积期)拉分盆地、晚白垩世早-中期(周家店组—南雄组沉积早期)走滑张扭断(坳)陷盆地、晚白垩世晚期(南雄组沉积中-晚期)走滑伸展盆地和古近纪坳陷盆地等演化阶段,东南部断陷区(江埠—二甲村凹陷)由于喜马拉雅期的隆升剥蚀而只残存周家店组早期坳陷和周家店组中期—南雄组中期断陷两个发育阶段的沉积。     

对转子式流速仪定期检测/校准重要性的认识与分析

本文系统介绍了华东水文仪器检测中心(原山东省水文仪器研制中心)对送检流速仪进行的随机抽样调查情况,分析论证了流速仪定期检测/校准的重要性。通过分析仪器常数检测/校准前后的变化情况,证明仪器经过一个使用周期或较长时间闲置后,仪器常数发生的变化和由此而造成的误差,从而证明了流速仪定期检测/校准对准确进行水量计量的重要性。