关于实孔径雷达影像匹配定位问题

地面高程起伏对机载雷达成像定位影响较大,要实现飞行器的精确定位,必须修正地形起伏的影响。分析了雷达成像的几何关系及特点,分别从影像匹配定位和飞行器定位两方面探讨了地形起伏的影响,对地形起伏影响的修正方法进行了研究,提出了适于飞行器上实时处理的误差修正算法,并利用该方法对实验中获取的数据进行了改正,得到了满意的结果。     

松花江干流（哈尔滨段）春季最低水位预测方法

利用1949~2003年松花江(哈尔滨段)最低水位资料,分析松花江干流(哈尔滨段)春季最低水位变化规律和典型枯水年成因,分析了其与松花江、嫩江等松花江流域面雨量的相关性,与拉尼娜、厄尔尼诺、太阳黑子等的关系。以松花江、嫩江、第二松花江流域7~11月面雨量总和及前一年松花江干流(哈尔滨段)最高水位为因子,预测2004~2013年松花江干流(哈尔滨段)最低水位。利用方差周期方法、均生函数方法对2004~2013年拉尼娜、厄尔尼诺、太阳黑子及松花江、嫩江、第二松花江流域月面雨量进行预测,并以此预测对2004~2013年松花江干流(哈尔滨段)最低水位进行订正,得出预测结论。     

一次春季强冰雹天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料及新一代多普勒雷达资料对2004年3月30日发生在广东的强冰雹过程进行了详细分析。结果表明:中高层强冷空气入侵配合地面中尺度低压的发展,导致不稳定能量突增;下湿上干的不稳定层结、合适的0℃层与-20℃层高度利于大冰雹的形成;强有力的中尺度抬升系统和强垂直风切变直接导致强对流的发生,并使强对流长时间维持。在强风暴的发展过程中,广州新一代多普勒雷达(CINRAD-SA)观测到高悬的强回波、风暴中低层强入流、风暴顶强辐散及冰雹云三体散射所产生的钉状回波(TBSS)等特征。雷达资料分析表明:TBSS的强度随着上升气流的强弱及冰雹的降落发生变化;即使无中气旋,持久稳定的风暴相对入流和风暴顶强辐散也能使强风暴长时间维持;风暴顶辐散减弱,标志着入流减弱,伴随着强回波核下降,风暴进入消亡阶段。     

2004年广东省干旱灾害遥感监测应用研究

针对广东省气候湿润、植被覆盖度高的特点,以NOAA/AVHRR资料为数据源,采用植被供水指数法,对2004年广东省发生的50年来最严重的一次干旱灾害进行遥感动态监测,并结合土地利用分类数据,采用掩膜技术提取干旱分类信息.研究结果表明,10月上旬全省部分地区出现旱情,10月下旬全省受旱总面积达到峰值,占全省面积的72.6%;11月上旬后期受旱面积有所减少,中旱、重旱区域有所增加,其后旱情总体呈减缓趋势,但在12月中旬出现了短暂的增加趋势.以11月上旬为例的干旱灾害分类研究还表明,水田、旱地、灌木、林地等不同的用地类型,其受旱比例依次递减.该研究结果较好地反映了本次干旱灾害的空间分布及发展过程,为相关部门进行干旱灾情评估、制定和实施抗旱减灾措施提供了科学依据.     

塔城地区近45年气候变化分析

利用1960—2004年气温、降水、初终霜、日照等资料,分析塔城地区气候变化特点。通过分析发现:塔城地区年降水变化不显著;年平均气温以0.46℃/10a的速率变暖,其中冬季变暖最为突出;年平均气温在20世纪60年代中期、60年代末分别发生了一次明显的突变。     

宁夏南部山区天然草场不同植被覆盖度的小气候特征比较

利用不同季节小气候加密观测和小气候常规观测资料,通过分析西吉月亮山禁牧草场和鸦儿湾荒地近地层气温、地温、风速、相对湿度等要素的差异和日变化特征,探讨了不同下垫面下小气候变化的趋势。结果表明:封山禁牧后,下垫面随之变化,会产生所谓的“绿岛效应”,尤其在植被生长旺盛的夏季,气温明显下降,空气湿度增大。说明封山禁牧这一措施对脆弱生态的恢复改造有明显的效果。     

舞钢市棉盲蝽象的发生规律及防治对策

通过2004～2005年调查研究,基本摸清了舞钢市棉盲蝽象的发生种类、习性、危害情况及发生规律,防治应重点抓好健株栽培、减少虫源,以及在发生期采用触杀性和内吸性药剂混合喷施,并实施统防统治.     

Sensor Calibration in Support for NOAA’s Satellite Mission

Sensor calibration, including its definition, purpose, traceability options, methodology, complexity, and importance, is examined in this paper in the context of supporting NOAA's satellite mission. Common understanding of sensor calibration is essential for the effective communication among sensor vendors, calibration scientists, satellite operators, program managers, and remote sensing data users, who must cooperate to ensure that a nation's strategic investment in a sophisticated operational environmental satellite system serves the nation's interest and enhances the human lives around the world. Examples of calibration activities at NOAA/NESDIS/ORA are selected to further illustrate these concepts and to demonstrate the lessons learned from the past experience.     

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AND ASSOCIATED SYNOPTIC SYSTEMS ON STRONG MEIYU IN SHANGHAI

1 INTRODUCTIONWith the methods of correlation and compositeanalyses,Ju et al.[1] discussed the relationship betweenlow-frequency oscillation in the summer monsoonregion in East Asia and droughts/floods in the middleand lower reaches of the Yangtze River and found thatstrong monsoon years usually cause more rain in theregion. Studying the interdecadal variation ofprecipitation in three rain zones over south China,thevalley of Yangtze River and north China,Tan et al.[2]showed that mid- a…     

A Task-Based Approach to User Interface Design for a Web-Based Hydrologic Information Systems

Hydroinformatics is a new and rapidly developing field that integrates knowledge and understanding of water resources with the latest developments in information technology to improve decision‐making in many critical applications. It encompasses methods for data capture, storage, processing, analysis and visualization, and the use of advanced modeling, simulation, optimization and knowledge‐based tools and systems infrastructure. Three types of hydrological data are most commonly used: flow rate in major rivers and streams, height of water in wells, and precipitation. To get a complete view of the state of water at a given point in space and time, one must analyze many different types of hydrological data together to derive information using an online GIS tool. To help use these disparate data sources more effectively and efficiently, we have built an online interface called the IJEDI WebCenter for Hydroinformatics using a task‐based approach. In this design, we first identify the tasks that users perform to study water‐related issues, then organize data for each task, and build task‐specific tools to present and analyze data and information. In a study involving both novices and experts in hydrology, we found that the both groups performed water‐related studies more effectively and efficiently than they would have without the WebCenter.