Impacts of primary deforestation upon limestone slopes in northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Effects of deforestation upon slopes in limestones and in volcanic rocks in the Benson River valley, northern Vancouver Island, have been investigated quantitatively. Postlogging soil erosion and vegetal regeneration success were assessed by measuring soil depth, percent bare rock and moss cover, and the numbers and diversity of trees, shrubs, and plants on 25 sampling sites, each containing ten measuring quadrats selected at random. Sixteen sites were on the Quatsino Formation, a well-karstified limestone, and nine on the Karmutsen Formation of basaltic lavas. Eight sites were of virgin forest, 16 were logged between 1970 and 1983, and one (on limestone) was logged in 1911. Both bedrock types were significantly affected by the cutting. There was greater loss of soil and an increase in bare rock on the limestones. Erosion was increased significantly by burning on the limestones but not on the volcanics. Within-group comparisons on the limestones determined that steeper slopes and harder burned areas suffered the most and are slowest to regenerate. Volume of timber on the 1911 site was 19 percent of that in similar uncut forest sites. It appears that complete recovery on the barren limestone slopes will require at least some centuries.     

A STUDY ON TYPHOON MOVEMENT PART Ⅲ:EFFECT OF THE HORIZONTAL MOMENTUM EXCHANGE BETWEEN TYPHOONS AND ENVIRONMENT

Two semi-asymmetric flow patterns of typhoons are chosen to qualitatively determine the effect of exchange of horizontal momentum between inflow and outflow layers and the environment on the motion of typhoons. The results show that only the asymmetric flow component (residual after azimuthal mean flow has been removed) could cause a net momentum input into or output from a typhoon and therefore contribute to the changes in speed and direction of the typhoon movement. A typhoon with major inflow and/or outflow channels on its right (left) side would tend to accelerate and turn left (decelerate and turn right); On the other hand, a typhoon with major inflow and/or outflow channels in the rear (front) semicircle would tend to accelerate and turn right (decelerate and turn left).     

基于Matlab的断裂带温泉水地球化学特征及地震活动性研究

基于Matlab开发出地下流体分析软件,对比分析了甘肃西秦岭北缘的武山、街子和清水温泉水化学组分特征;初步分析了温泉水水质类型、补给来源、水-岩平衡状态以及循环深度,并讨论了温泉水深循环对地震活动性的影响.研究表明温泉水均为大气降水成因,其水化特征受围岩的控制作用;清水温泉水的成熟度没有武山和街子温泉水高.地下水循环深度较浅的武山温泉和街子温泉水化类型属于Na-HCO3·SO4·Cl,所处断裂的地震活动频繁;地下水循环深度较深的清水温泉水化类型属于Na-SO4·Cl,所处断裂的地震活动性弱.     

中国碳减排目标的地区分解方法研究述评

碳减排目标的区域分配是中国当前控制CO2排放的紧迫问题。通过文献研究,评述了国际上针对国家之间的碳排放权的区域分解方案以及中国碳减排目标的国内区域分解方案,提出了要想真正公平、公正、可行以及可持续地进行碳减排目标的地区分解,必须明确以下几个方面的关键和核心问题:分配对象、分配原则、分配方案必须考虑的因素、分配标准、分配方法、分配模型以及分配结果的可靠性和合理性。     

Dark energy model in anisotropic Bianchi type-III space-time with variable EoS parameter

A new dark energy model in anisotropic Bianchi type-III space-time with variable equation of state (EoS) parameter has been investigated in the present paper. To get the deterministic model, we consider that the expansion θ in the model is proportional to the eigen value s² ₂\sigma^{2}_{~2} of the shear tensor s^j _i\sigma^{j}_{~i}. The EoS parameter ω is found to be time dependent and its existing range for this model is in good agreement with the recent observations of SNe Ia data (Knop et al. in Astrophys. J. 598:102, 2003) and SNe Ia data with CMBR anisotropy and galaxy clustering statistics (Tegmark et al. in Astrophys. J. 606:702, 2004). It has been suggested that the dark energy that explains the observed accelerating expansion of the universe may arise due to the contribution to the vacuum energy of the EoS in a time dependent background. Some physical aspects of dark energy model are also discussed.     

HITRAN数据库对卫星1.6 μm通道CO2辐射传输特性计算的影响

卫星遥感器中的CO21.6μm弱吸收带通道测量信号可以反映CO2的近地层浓度分布,是温室气体卫星反演的重要通道之一。HITRAN数据库是建立卫星遥感CO2浓度算法依赖的重要分子光谱参数数据库,目前已经更新到了2012版,不同版本中大气分子谱线参数存在差异。本文利用逐线积分模式LBLRTM,研究了最近3个版本HITRAN数据库(04、08、12版)在CO2的弱吸收带通道上大气光学厚度、透过率的差异,发现04版计算的气体光学厚度普遍偏高,可对CO2造成约38 ppm的低估;08版本得到的气体光学厚度与12版本接近,反演相差2 ppm以内。在此基础上,分析了不同HITRAN数据库对整层CO2变化和近地层CO2变化的敏感性,结果表明:04版对整层和近地面大气的变化敏感性最强,并且放大了近地层信号;08版与12版对整层或近地层CO2的敏感度接近,两者经过卷积后得到的信号无差异。     

泰国水稻种植面积月变化的遥感监测

介绍了光学和微波遥感影像相结合进行泰国水稻种植面积监测方法。泰国雨季雨量充足 ,气温适合 ,同一时间耕地上水稻的物候多样 ,每月水稻种植面积都发生变化。利用旱季的TM影像 ,获得耕地信息。同时利用TM影像覆盖的雷达区域进行非耕地去除 ,进行非监督分类 ,提取反映水稻种植不同生长期的雷达影像后向反射系数特征 ,建立各种类型的分类模型 ,采用监督分类的方法对全景雷达数据进行水稻种植情况调查 ,并分别予以识别和统计 ,反映研究区水稻月种植情况。分类结果通过类别检验和面积量算检验进行精度评价和分析。     

DTP系统环境下地图的制作与出版

彩色地图的出版印刷和一般的彩色图文的出版印刷有很多相似之处 ,但也有不同之处。本实验选择了一幅有代表性的地图 ,图内要素不仅包括水系 ,道路 ,居民地和等高线 ,而且还有分层设色 ,图外还有彩色附图和文字说明。尝试运用常用桌面出版系统制作 ,直接得到 5张 A4幅面的分色晒版胶片 (黄、品红、青、黑和棕专色 )。实验结果证明 ,桌面出版系统软件功能较全面 ,可以制作和出版地图 ,尤其是适合制作和出版带有广告 ,彩色图片的专题地图和影像地图     

自动制图综合人工神经元网络方法的研究

现代神经生理学研究表明 ,人脑的大量神经元构成有所分工而又紧密联系的神经元网络 ,它的结构和功能可以采用物理可实现的系统人工神经元网络来模拟。制图综合是人脑神经元网络获取、处理、输出地理信息的复杂视觉思维过程 ,可以用人工神经元网络来模拟。文中探讨了制图综合的人工神经元网络的设计 ,并对用于实现自动制图综合的结果进行分析 ,指出其应用前景。     

遥感影像制图综合的智能化研究

本文以人工智能为基础,用计算机模拟一般制图人员对遥感图像进行制图综合的过程,用框架的知识表示方法建立了一个实验性的知识库,并设计了一个推理机。对蒙古人民共和国乌布苏淖尔地区的ＴＭ分类图进行了实验,取得了较好的效果。