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231.
232.
Summary Future research directions for agricultural geography were the subject of debate in Area in the late 1980s, and the subsequent application of political economy ideas undoubtedly revived interest in agricultural research. This paper argues that agricultural geography contains greater diversity than the dominant political economy discourse would suggest. It reviews 'other' areas of agricultural research such as policy, post- productivism, people, culture and animals, presenting future suggestions which should ensure that agricultural research continues revitalized rather than redundant into the next millennium. 相似文献
233.
In this paper, the relationships between paleo-precipitation and the regional influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
in South America are assessed from a high-resolution calendar varve-thickness record. Two short laminated sediment cores (53
and 61 cm length) from Lago Puyehue (40° S) are analysed by continuous varve measurements through the last 600 years. The
calendar varve years are determined by the occurrence of graded planktonic-rich layers. The annual sediment accumulation rates
are reconstructed by using the standard varve-counting methods on thin sections. The 1980–2000 varve-thickness record is interpreted
in terms of climate through correlation with limnological and local monthly instrumental climate databases. The comparison
between the standardized varve thickness with the instrumental records reveals a strong correlation (r = 0.75, р = 0.07) between the total varve thickness and the austral autumn/winter precipitation. We argue that strong austral winter
winds and precipitation are the forcing factors for the seasonal turn-over and phytoplankton increase in the lake sediments.
During strong El Nino events the precipitation and the winds decrease abnormally, hence reducing the thickness of the biogenic
sediments deposited after the winter turn-over. Our results show one significant regional maximum peak of winter precipitation
(>900 mm) in the mid 20th century and a significant period with lower winter precipitation (<400 mm) before the 15th century,
i.e., the late Medieval Warm Period. The first peak in the mid 20th century is confirmed by the regional precipitation database.
The influence of ENSO cycles over the last 600 years is assessed by spectral analysis in Fagel et al. (2007). The possible influence of the regional volcanism and/or the seismic activity on the local climate record is also discussed.
This is the sixth in a series of eight papers published in this special issue dedicated to the 17,900 year multi-proxy lacustrine record of
Lago Puyehue, Chilean Lake District. The papers in this special issue were collected by M. De Batist, N. Fagel, M. -F. Loutre
and E. Chapron. 相似文献
234.
Lucien von Gunten Oliver Heiri Christian Bigler Jacqueline van Leeuwen Carlo Casty André F. Lotter Michael Sturm 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,39(3):283-299
We analysed a 42 cm long sediment record from Lej da la Tscheppa, a high-altitude lake (2,616 m a.s.l.) in the Upper Engadine
valley (Switzerland) for subfossil diatoms, chironomids and pollen. The chronology of the top 21 cm of the record was established
using 210Pb analysis using a constant-rate-of-supply model, and validated with 137Cs measurements and the content of spheroidal carbonaceous particles. A tentative chronology for the lower part of the core
was obtained through extrapolation of the sedimentation rates in the uppermost part of the record. Pollen assemblages in the
record reflect regional changes in forestation and land-use patterns in the Upper Engadine valley and show no evidence of
significant local human activity in the lake’s catchment. Diatom assemblages record a distinct increase in planktonic taxa
since the early 19th century, suggesting a decrease in the duration of ice-cover. In contrast, chironomid assemblages remained
stable during a large part of the record. We applied an established chironomid-based July air temperature transfer function
and a newly developed diatom-based spring air temperature transfer function to reconstruct past seasonal air temperature changes
at Lej da la Tscheppa. The reconstructions indicate a diatom-inferred warming trend in spring temperatures during the past
ca. 400 years, whereas chironomid-inferred summer temperatures suggest a slight cooling trend. These biota-based reconstructions
are in good agreement with the centennial-scale temperature trend in an independent reconstruction of regional temperatures
in the Upper Engadine region based on instrumental records and documentary proxy evidence from the Alps. Our results suggest
that, in high-altitude lakes, independent chironomid- and diatom-based seasonal temperature reconstruction is possible and
can be successfully used to track seasonal temperature trends. 相似文献
235.
The Upper Middle Rhine Valley, granted the status of a World Heritage site, is well known for its unique inner narrow valley
of Quaternary age with its historical legacy of numerous medieval castles and old towns. Less known is that this has always
been a risk area of floods and gravitative mass movements. Up to the recent past, mainly ice floods caused enormous damage.
The inhabitants of the valley were well aware that they lived in a risk area, but they had learned to handle the flood hazard.
With the demise of ice floods over the last 40 years, due to climate change and because of the additional heating of the river
water by power plants, the awareness of flood hazards has been much diminished, in contrast to that of potential damage by
rockfalls and landslides which were also much feared in the past, though at the local level only. Still in the people’s memory
is the Kaub catastrophe of March 10, 1876, when 28 persons were killed by a landslide. Nowadays, even minor rockfalls are
a major threat, as they will affect the much-used traffic lines on both banks of the river, in particular the railroads. Therefore,
since 2002, on behalf of German Rail (Deutsche Bahn, DB), all problematic slopes have been protected by costly steel-ring nets, although they are an aesthetic problem by UNESCO
standards. The feeling of absolute safety created among the public is only subjective, though, as planners are well aware
of. Moreover, the impact of modern climate change on slope stability is nearly unknown. Therefore, it is still necessary to
develop a risk map for the narrow valley, with emphasis on gravitational hazards. 相似文献
236.
Alluviation and sedimentation of the Yellow River are important factors influencing the surface soil structure and organic carbon content in its lower reaches. Selecting Kaifeng and Zhoukou as typical cases of the Yellow River flooding area, the field survey, soil sample collection, laboratory experiment and Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis methods were applied to study the spatial distribution characteristics and change mechanism of organic carbon components at different soil depths. The results revealed that the soil total organic carbon(TOC), active organic carbon(AOC) and nonactive organic carbon(NOC) contents ranged from 0.05–30.03 g/kg, 0.01–8.86 g/kg and 0.02–23.36 g/kg, respectively. The TOC, AOC and NOC contents in the surface soil layer were obviously higher than those in the lower soil layer, and the sequence of the content and change range within a single layer was TOCNOCAOC. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the TOC, AOC and NOC contents were commonly influenced by structural and random factors, and the influence magnitudes of these two factors were similar. The overall spatial trends of TOC, AOC and NOC remained relatively consistent from the 0–20 cm layer to the 20–100 cm layer, and the transition between high-and low-value areas was obvious, while the spatial variance was high. The AOC and NOC contents and spatial distribution better reflected TOC spatial variation and carbon accumulation areas. The distribution and depth of the sediment, agricultural land-use type, cropping system, fertilization method, tillage process and cultivation history were the main factors impacting the spatial variation in the soil organic carbon(SOC) components. Therefore, increasing the organic matter content, straw return, applying organic manure, adding exogenous particulate matter and conservation tillage are effective measures to improve the soil quality and attain sustainable agricultural development in the alluvial/sedimentary zone of the Yellow River. 相似文献
237.
238.
239.
The trade network of the Belt and Road Initiative and its topological relationship to the global trade network 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Unimpeded trade is one of the cooperation priorities in the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China. On 15 May 2017, the Joint Communique of the Leaders Roundtable of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation reaffirmed the participants’ shared commitment to build an open economy and ensure free and inclusive trade. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is not only China's new action to drive its open and global development, but also a platform for an increasing number of countries to explore free and inclusive trade and promote a universal, rule-based, open, non-discriminatory, and equitable multilateral trade system. It is therefore important to examine the topological relationship between the BRI and global trade networks. More specifically, this article first analyzes the community structure of trade networks using a community detection algorithm, and then estimates the topological relationship between different trade communities. The findings of this article are as follows. First, this research identified three trade communities and two sub-communities in the BRI trade network, in which China is the core, Russia is the sub-core of the biggest trade community, and India, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia are cores of the second trade community (South Asia-West Asia). Second, it identified five trade communities in the global trade network, centred on China, USA, Russia, India-United Arab Emirates, and Germany- Netherlands-France-Britain and other European developed countries. Third, the topological analysis indicated that in the global trade network, most BRI countries are attracted by the core nodes of the BRI regions, such as the China, Russia and India-United Arab Emirates core nodes, and have strong trade contacts with BRI countries. Most Central-East European countries are mainly attracted by Germany-Netherlands-France-Britain and other developed European countries with a low penetration of BRI trade. Although some Southeast Asian countries are incorporated into the Asia-Australia-South Africa community with China as the core, they still need to strengthen trade linkages with BRI countries. 相似文献
240.
K.D. Wake-Dyster M.J. Sexton D.W. Johnstone C. Wright D.M. Finlayson 《Geophysical Journal International》1987,89(1):423-430
Summary. In 1984, the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources and the Geological Survey of Queensland recorded a regional seismic reflection profile of over 800 km length from the eastern part of the Eromanga Basin to the Beenleigh Block east of the Clarence Moreton Basin. A relatively transparent upper crustal basement with an underlying, more reflective lower crust is characteristic of much of the region. Prominent westerly dipping reflectors occur well below the sediments of the eastern margin of the Clarence Moreton Basin and the adjacent Beenleigh Block, and provide some of the most interesting features of the entire survey. A wide angle reflection/refraction survey of 192 km length and an expanding reflection spread of 25 km length were recorded across the Nebine Ridge. The only clear deep reflectors are interpreted as P-to-SV or SV-to-P converted reflections from a mid-crustal boundary at a depth of about 17 km. The combined Nebine Ridge data provide well-constrained P and S wave velocity models of the upper crust, and suggest a crustal structure quite different from that beneath the adjacent Mesozoic basins. 相似文献