FINDING CAUSES OF OUTLIERS IN MULTIVARIATE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

Multivariate outliers in environmental data sets are often caused by atypical measurement error in a singlevariable.From a quality assurance perspective it is important to identify these variables efficiently so thatcorrective actions may be performed.We demonstrate a procedure for using two multivariate tests toidentify which variable‘caused’each outlier.The procedure is tested with simulated data sets that havethe same correlation structure as selected water chemistry variables from a survey of lakes in the WesternUnited States.The success rates are evaluated for three of the variables for sample sizes of 50 and 100,significance levels of 0.01 and 0.05 and various amounts of mean shift.The procedure works best forhighly correlated variables.     

加拿大对饮水中Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mg、Ni、Pb和Zn含量两次全国调查所取得的成果

加拿大对饮用水中的微量元素Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn进行了两次全国性调查。调查中包括Ca和Mg。为了检验水净化和水分配过程中水的质量,对70个城镇的天然水,净化水和自来水进行了取样分析。采用两种方法:石墨炉原子化器和吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC)萃取法对Pb、Cr和Cd进行了直接分析,並对所取得的结果加以对比研究。结果表明,微量元素分析一般並不因为有固体微粒而受到影响。水中查出的有毒元毒的浓度比允许的最大值低得多。在水净化和分配给用户过程中,这些元素的浓度除Cu以外几乎都没有增加。     

水在非均质雪中的流动

一、引言研究和预测积雪覆盖地域上径流的形成是十分必要的。前人已对雪层中融水和雨水的运动问题做过细致的研究。本文给出在含有冰层和流槽的积雪中水的流动模式。对于雪特性空间变化的一切设计,它都是适用的。     

A CATALOGUE OF THE SEAGRASSES OF CHINA

In this overall survey of the seagrasses of China 15 species are listed, eight of which are recorded for the first time. The Potamogetonaceae (subfamilies Zosteroideae and Cymodoceoideae) are represented by 10 species, and the Hydrocharitaceae (subfamilies Vallisnerioideae, Thalassioideae and Halophiloideae)by 5 species. Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook, f. is represented by 2 subspecies. A key to the species based on vegetative and generative characteristics is presented.     

激发极化的数字模拟

前言在直流电法勘探中,已经把几种数字方法用于模拟任意电阻率的分布。由于计算机的高速发展,这些方法在近十年来已变成是切实可行的了。两种最常用的方法是有限单元(FE)法和有限差分(FD)法。     

ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF GARDNERULA(CYANOPHYTA) AND THE TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS

In 1975, 1976 and 1980 we collected from Jinyindao (Jinyin Isle) and Chenhangdao (Chenhang Isle) of the Xisha Islands, South China Sea six numbers of upright-growing, repeatedly branched, filiform cyanophyceous seaweeds. More than one thousand specimens were collected, and detailed studies showed that they belong to the little known tropical cyanophyte Gardnerula de Toni, not previously reported from the Chinese waters. Gardnerula (Rivulariaceae, Nostocales) was established by de Toni in 1936 to receive Microcoleus corymbosa Harvey (1857) from Key West, Florida, Polythrix spongiosa Zanardini (1872) from Singapore and Sirocoleum jensenii Weber-van Bosse (1926) from Kei Island,     

Temperatures and Winds over Tropical Middle Atmosphere during Two Contrasting Summer Monsoons, 1975 and 1979

Using the monthly geopotential heights and winds for 700 and 200 hPa for India during July and August, and the weekly M-100 Soviet rocketsonde temperature and wind data for Thumba (8.5 ° N, 76.9 ° E) during the last week of June and the first week of September for the two contrasting summer monsoon years 1975 (a very strong monsoon year) and 1979 (a very weak monsoon year), a study has been made to examine the mean circulation features of the troposphere over India, and the structures of the temperatures and the winds of the middle atmosphere over Thumba. The study suggested that the axis of the monsoon trough (AMT) at 700 hPa shifted southward in 1975 and northward towards the foothills of the Himalayas in 1979, from its normal position. Superimposed on the low-pressure area (AMT) at 700 hPa, a well-defined divergence was noticed at 200 hPa over the northern India in 1975.The mean temperatures at 25,50 and 60 km (middle atmosphere) over Thumba were cooler in 1975 than in 1979. While a cooling trend i     

Clay mineral records of East Asian monsoon evolution during late Quaternary in the southern South China Sea

High-resolution clay mineral records combined with oxygen isotopic stratigraphy over the past 190 ka during late Quaternary from core MD01-2393 off the Mekong River in the southern South China Sea are reported to reconstruct a history of East Asian monsoon evolution. The dominating clay mineral components indicate a strong glacial-interglacial cyclicity, with high glacial illite, chlorite, and kaolinite contents and high interglacial smectites content. The provenance analysis indicates the direct input of clay minerals via the Mekong River drainage basin. Illite and chlorite derived mainly from the upper reach of the Mekong River, where physical erosion of meta-sedimentary rocks is dominant. Kaolinite derived mainly from active erosion of inhered clays from reworked sediments in the middle reaches. Smectites originated mainly through bisiallitic soils in the middle to lower reaches of the Mekong River. The smectites/(illite+chlorite) and smectites/kaolinite ratios are determined as mineralogical indicato     

The macroinfauna of the Galician sandy beaches (NW Spain) affected by the Prestige oil-spill

Eighteen sandy beaches were sampled along the 1659 km of the Galician coast (NW Spain) six months after the Prestige oil-spill to study the impact of the fuel and the clean-up activities on the macroinfauna community. A transect was extended at each beach, from above the drift line to below the swash line at five sampled levels; at each level six 0.05 m2 replicates were taken to a depth of 30 cm and sieved through a 1mm mesh, and the organisms collected and preserved. Results were compared with previous data obtained using the same procedures. The macroinfauna was numerically dominated by the amphipod Pontocrates arenarius, the isopod genus Eurydice, the polychaete Scolelepis squamata, and the amphipod Talitrus saltator. As a result of the Prestige oil-spill and the clean-up activities, beach populations were reduced, with Eurydice and S. squamata as the most affected taxa.