An interpretation of the structures of α- and β-quartz based on coulomb repulsion forces

A procedure is described which allows optimisation of the positional parameters of like ions (cations or anions, respectively) under the influence of repulsive Coulomb forces. The structure is regarded as being composed of subsets for which the Coulomb energy is particularly low. Each assignment of ions to subsets allows derivation of a model with individual symmetry and parameters. Because the structure is only partly ionic and other forces than Coulomb repulsion are ignored, the positional parameters are different from the actual values of the structure. Despite the simplified treatment, there are discussions of the relative lengths of SiO bonds, the cation ordering in the quartz-like structure AlPO₄, the pressure dependence of α-quartz and the symmetry of the quartz variants. For oxygen in quartz, 3 models are obtained with the symmetry of α-quartz and one with the symmetry of β-quartz. For Si, only one model is obtained which has more similarity with α- than with β-quartz. The α-β transformation is attributed to the various kinds of optimisation of Coulomb energy of oxygen.     

应用烃类流体包裹体GOI和成分研究凝析气藏成藏过程：以准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区为例

The Grains containing Oil Inclusions(GOI)data in currently gas/condensate-beating Jurassic and Cretaceous reservoir sandstones of Well Pen 5(the Mosuowan area of central Junggar Basin,NW China)are generally greater than the empirical threshold line of 5%.This is consistent with the gas-condensate section originally containing a palaeo-oil column.In order to assess the origin of the oil trapped in the oil inclusion and its relationship to the free oil/gas-condensate,a detailed molecular geochemical study was carried out for correlation between the free and inclusion oils.The paleo oil is most likely sourced from the Lower Permian Fengeheng Formation,which generated hydrocarbons primarily during Late Triassic and the oils were later secondarily altered and dysmigrated along faults likely during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.In contrast,the current reservoired oil/gas-condensate mainly derived from the Middle Permian Lower Wuerhe Formation,whose peak generation time last from Late Cretaceous even to the present.This paper showed that integrated oil-bearing fluid inclusion analyses have likely allowed a complex multi-phase charge history to be recognized and resolved with a high degree of confidence.     

Bulge Migration and Pinnacle Reef Development, Devonian Appalachian Foreland Basin

Detailed stratigraphic analyses of Late Emsian and Early Eifelian (Lower to Middle Devonian) carbonate-dominated strata in the northern Appalachian Basin indicate anomalous, locally varying relative sea level changes and inversions of topography. The distribution of a major basal-bounding unconformity, basinal pinnacle reefs, local absence of parasequences, and eastward migration of shallow marine carbonate lithofacies and related biofacies in the Onondaga Limestone and underlying strata mark the retrograde migration of an elongate, northeast-southwest-trending area of positive relief, bordered on its cratonward side by a similarly migrating basin of intermediate depth. These features are thought to represent the forebulge and back-bulge basin of the Appalachian foreland basin system as it developed during a time of relative quiescence within the Acadian Orogeny. However, the relatively small size of the bulgelike feature (ca. 80-100-km-wide, 20-50-m positive relief), its great distance from the probable deformation front (>400 km), and the lack of a well-developed foredeep immediately adjacent to the bulgelike feature may indicate that it represents a smaller-scale flexural high ("flexural welt") superposed over the cratonward edge of the larger-scale classical forebulge of the basin. Development of shallow-water reefs on the crest of the bulge during sea level lowstand, followed by migration of the bulge and widespread transgression, permitted growth of economically significant pinnacle reefs in the deep basin center. Further subsurface reef exploration should concentrate along the projected position of the bulge during the basal Onondaga lowstand.     

Soil Plug Effect Prediction and Pile Driveability Analysis for Large-Diameter Steel Piles in Ocean Engineering

Long steel piles with large diameters have been more widely used in the field of ocean engineering.Owing to the pile with a large diameter,soil plug development during pile driving has great influences on pile driveability and beating capacity.The response of soil plug developed inside the open-ended pipe pile during the dynamic condition of pile-driving is different from the response under the static condition of loading during service.This paper addresses the former aspect.A numerical procedure for soil plng effect prediction and pile driveability analysis is proposed and described.By taking into consideration of the pile dimension effect on side and tip resistance,this approach introduces a dimensional coefficient to the conventional static equilibrium equations for the plug differential unit and proposes an improved static equity method for the plug effect prediction.At the same time,this approach introduces a simplified model by use of one-dimensional stress wave equation to simulate the interaction between soft ping and pile inner wall.The proposed approach has been applied in practical engineering analyses.Results show that the calculated plug effect and pile driveability based on the proposed approach agree well with the observed data.     

台湾-阿尔泰地学断面阿尔金-龙门山剖面的地壳纵波速度结构

通过分析阿尔金—龙门山地学断面的地震资料,建立了该剖面的地壳纵波速度结构。研究结果表明,阿尔金北侧的塔里木盆地地区莫霍面为50km,而在其南侧的祁连地块莫霍面突然加深至73km,在柴达木盆地莫霍面又抬升至58km左右,然后,在松潘甘孜地块莫霍面降至70km,并呈现为台阶状向龙门山方向抬升到60km左右,最低速层,而在其南部地区则没有低速层出现,推测低速层为地壳中部的局部熔融物质,阿尔金—龙门山剖面上的两个莫霍面坳陷区分别与祁连地块和松潘—甘孜地块上的两个莫霍面坳陷区相对应,指示出这个两个地块具有较深的山根,青藏高原北部的巨厚地壳很可能是由于中生代以来发生的印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞时受到来自东西及南北方向的挤压,使地壳缩短所致。     

Fire and vegetation history on Santa Rosa Island,Channel Islands,and long‐term environmental change in southern California

The long‐term history of vegetation and fire was investigated at two locations – Soledad Pond (275 m; from ca. 12 000 cal. a BP) and Abalone Rocks Marsh (0 m; from ca. 7000 cal. a BP) – on Santa Rosa Island, situated off the coast of southern California. A coastal conifer forest covered highlands of Santa Rosa during the last glacial, but by ca. 11 800 cal. a BP Pinus stands, coastal sage scrub and grassland replaced the forest as the climate warmed. The early Holocene became increasingly drier, particularly after ca. 9150 cal. a BP, as the pond dried frequently, and coastal sage scrub covered the nearby hillslopes. By ca. 6900 cal. a BP grasslands recovered at both sites. Pollen of wetland plants became prominent at Soledad Pond after ca. 4500 cal. a BP, and at Abalone Rocks Marsh after ca. 3465 cal. a BP. Diatoms suggest freshening of the Abalone Rocks Marsh somewhat later, probably by additional runoff from the highlands. Introduction of non‐native species by ranchers occurred subsequent to AD 1850. Charcoal influx is high early in the record, but declines during the early Holocene when minimal biomass suggests extended drought. A general increase occurs after ca. 7000 cal. a BP, and especially after ca. 4500 cal. a BP. The Holocene pattern closely resembles population levels constructed from the archaeological record, and suggests a potential influence by humans on the fire regime of the islands, particularly during the late Holocene. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.