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排序方式: 共有182条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Jean Riotte Laurent Ruiz Stéphane Audry Benjamin Baud Jean-Pierre Bedimo Bedimo Laurie Boithias Jean-Jacques Braun Bernard Dupré Jean-Louis Duprey Mikael Faucheux Christelle Lagane Jean-Christophe Marechal Hemanth Moger Mandalagiri Subbarayappa Mohan Kumar Harshad Parate Olivier Ribolzi Emma Rochelle-Newall Buvaneshwari Sriramulu Murari Varma Muddu Sekhar 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14196
Despite the importance of tropical ecosystems for climate regulation, biodiversity, water and nutrient cycles, only a few Critical Zone Observatories (CZOs) are located in the tropics. Among these, most are in humid climates, while very few data exist for semi-arid and sub-humid climates, due to the difficulty of estimating hydro-geochemical balances in catchments with ephemeral streams. We contribute to fill this gap by presenting a meteorological and hydro-geochemical dataset acquired at the Mule Hole catchment (4.1 km2), a pristine dry deciduous forest located in a biosphere reserve in south India. The dataset consists of time series of variables related to (i) meteorology, including rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and global radiation, (ii) hydrology, including water level and discharge at the catchment outlet, (iii) hydrogeology, including manual (monthly) and/or automated (from 15 min to hourly) groundwater levels in nine piezometers and (iv) geochemistry, including suspended sediment content in the stream and chemical composition of rainfall (event based), groundwater (monthly sampling) and stream water (storm events, 15 min to hourly frequency with an automatic sampler). The time series extend from 2003 to 2019. Measurement errors are minimized by frequent calibration of sensors and quality checks, both in the field and in the laboratory. Despite these precautions, several data gaps exist, due to occasional access restriction to the site and instrument destruction by wildlife. Results show that large seasonal and interannual variations of climatic conditions were reflected in the large variations of stream flow and groundwater recharge, as well as in water chemical composition. Notably, they reveal a long-term evolution of groundwater storage, suggesting hydrogeological cycles on a decadal scale. This dataset, alone or in combination with other data, has already allowed to better understand water and element cycling in tropical dry forests, and the role of forest diversity on biogeochemical cycles. As tropical ecosystems are underrepresented by Critical Zone Observatories, we expect this data note to be valuable for the global scientific community. 相似文献
62.
Shmuel M. Rubinstein Itay Barel Ze’ev Reches Oleg M. Braun Michael Urbakh Jay Fineberg 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(12):2151-2166
Faults are intrinsically heterogeneous with common occurrences of jogs, edges and steps. We therefore explore experimentally
and theoretically how fault edges may affect earthquake and slip dynamics. In the presented experiments and accompanying theoretical
model, shear loads are applied to the edge of one of two flat blocks in frictional contact that form a fault analog. We show
that slip occurs via a sequence of rapid rupture events that initiate from the loading edge and are arrested after propagating
a finite distance. Each successive event extends the slip size, transfers the applied shear across the block, and causes progressively
larger changes of the contact area along the contact surface. Resulting from this sequence of events, a hard asperity is dynamically
formed near the loaded edge. The contact area beyond this asperity is largely reduced. These sequences of rapid events culminate
in slow slip events that precede a major, unarrested slip event along the entire contact surface. We suggest that the 1998
M5.0 Sendai and 1995 off-Etorofu earthquake sequences may correspond to this scenario. Our work demonstrates, qualitatively,
how the simplest deviation from uniform shear loading may significantly affect both earthquake nucleation processes and how
fault complexity develops. 相似文献
63.
A. Voldoire E. Sanchez-Gomez D. Salas y Mélia B. Decharme C. Cassou S. Sénési S. Valcke I. Beau A. Alias M. Chevallier M. Déqué J. Deshayes H. Douville E. Fernandez G. Madec E. Maisonnave M.-P. Moine S. Planton D. Saint-Martin S. Szopa S. Tyteca R. Alkama S. Belamari A. Braun L. Coquart F. Chauvin 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(9-10):2091-2121
A new version of the general circulation model CNRM-CM has been developed jointly by CNRM-GAME (Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques—Groupe d’études de l’Atmosphère Météorologique) and Cerfacs (Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée) in order to contribute to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The purpose of the study is to describe its main features and to provide a preliminary assessment of its mean climatology. CNRM-CM5.1 includes the atmospheric model ARPEGE-Climat (v5.2), the ocean model NEMO (v3.2), the land surface scheme ISBA and the sea ice model GELATO (v5) coupled through the OASIS (v3) system. The main improvements since CMIP3 are the following. Horizontal resolution has been increased both in the atmosphere (from 2.8° to 1.4°) and in the ocean (from 2° to 1°). The dynamical core of the atmospheric component has been revised. A new radiation scheme has been introduced and the treatments of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols have been improved. Particular care has been devoted to ensure mass/water conservation in the atmospheric component. The land surface scheme ISBA has been externalised from the atmospheric model through the SURFEX platform and includes new developments such as a parameterization of sub-grid hydrology, a new freezing scheme and a new bulk parameterisation for ocean surface fluxes. The ocean model is based on the state-of-the-art version of NEMO, which has greatly progressed since the OPA8.0 version used in the CMIP3 version of CNRM-CM. Finally, the coupling between the different components through OASIS has also received a particular attention to avoid energy loss and spurious drifts. These developments generally lead to a more realistic representation of the mean recent climate and to a reduction of drifts in a preindustrial integration. The large-scale dynamics is generally improved both in the atmosphere and in the ocean, and the bias in mean surface temperature is clearly reduced. However, some flaws remain such as significant precipitation and radiative biases in many regions, or a pronounced drift in three dimensional salinity. 相似文献
64.
D. C. Braun 《Solar physics》2014,289(2):459-474
We use a publicly available numerical wave-propagation simulation of Hartlep et al. (Solar Phys. 268, 321, 2011) to test the ability of helioseismic holography to detect signatures of a compact, fully submerged, 5 % sound-speed perturbation placed at a depth of 50 Mm within a solar model. We find that helioseismic holography employed in a nominal “lateral-vantage” or “deep-focus” geometry employing quadrants of an annular pupil can detect and characterize the perturbation. A number of tests of the methodology, including the use of a plane-parallel approximation, the definition of travel-time shifts, the use of different phase-speed filters, and changes to the pupils, are also performed. It is found that travel-time shifts made using Gabor-wavelet fitting are essentially identical to those derived from the phase of the Fourier transform of the cross-covariance functions. The errors in travel-time shifts caused by the plane-parallel approximation can be minimized to less than a second for the depths and fields of view considered here. Based on the measured strength of the mean travel-time signal of the perturbation, no substantial improvement in sensitivity is produced by varying the analysis procedure from the nominal methodology in conformance with expectations. The measured travel-time shifts are essentially unchanged by varying the profile of the phase-speed filter or omitting the filter entirely. The method remains maximally sensitive when applied with pupils that are wide quadrants, as opposed to narrower quadrants or with pupils composed of smaller arcs. We discuss the significance of these results for the recent controversy regarding suspected pre-emergence signatures of active regions. 相似文献
65.
66.
Robert Braun 《New Astronomy Reviews》2004,48(11-12):1271
Only in recent years has the realization emerged that galaxies do not dominate the universal baryon budget but are merely the brightest pearls of an underlying cosmic web. Although the gas in these inter-galactic filaments is moderately to highly ionized, QSO absorption lines have shown that the surface area increases dramatically in going down to lower HI column densities. The first image of the cosmic web in HI emission has just been made of the Local Group filament connecting M31 and M33. The corresponding HI distribution function is in very good agreement with that of the QSO absorption lines, confirming the 30-fold increase in surface area expected between 1019 and 1017 cm−2. The critical observational challenge is crossing the “HI desert”, the range of log(NHI) from about 19.5 down to 18, over which photo-ionization by the intergalactic radiation field produces an exponential decline in the neutral fraction from essentially unity down to a few percent. Nature is kinder again to the HI observer below log(NHI) = 18, where the neutral fraction decreases only very slowly with log(NHI). With the SKA, we can begin the systematic study of the cosmic web beyond the Local Group. With moderate integration times, the necessary resolution and sensitivity can be achieved out to distances beyond the Virgo cluster. When combined with targeted optical and UV absorption line observations, the total baryonic masses and enrichment histories of the cosmic web will be determined over the complete range of environmental over-densities. 相似文献
67.
N. Armesto M. A. Braun E. G. Ferreiro C. Pajares Yu. M. Shabelski 《Astroparticle Physics》1997,6(3-4):329-336
It is shown that the fusion of string is a source of particle production in nucleus-nucleus collisions outside the kinematical limits of nucleon-nucleon collisions. The spectrum of different particles is compared with the high energy data on p-A collisions obtaining a reasonable agreement. Results for A-B collisions at
and
AGeV are given and possible implications for cosmic rays are examined. Both the enhancement of the cumulative effect and the reduction of multiplicities implied by string fusion should strongly modify the first interactions and the profile of extensive air showers and should be taken into account in their simulation. 相似文献
68.
The cause of enhanced acoustic power surrounding active regions, known as the acoustic halo, is not as yet understood. We
explore the properties of the enhanced acoustic power observed near disk center from 21 to 27 January 2002, including AR 9787.
We find that i) there exists a strong correlation of the enhanced high-frequency power with magnetic-field inclination, with greater power
in more horizontal fields, ii) the frequency of the maximum enhancement increases along with magnetic-field strength, and iii) the oscillations contributing to the halos show modal ridges that are shifted to higher wavenumber at constant frequency
in comparison to the ridges of modes in the quiet Sun. 相似文献
69.
Jim Braun Jon Dumm Francesco De Palma Chad Finley Albrecht Karle Teresa Montaruli 《Astroparticle Physics》2008,29(4):299-305
Neutrino telescopes are moving steadily toward the goal of detecting astrophysical neutrinos from the most powerful galactic and extragalactic sources. Here we describe analysis methods to search for high energy point-like neutrino sources using detectors deep in the ice or sea. We simulate an ideal cubic kilometer detector based on real world performance of existing detectors such as AMANDA, IceCube, and ANTARES. An unbinned likelihood ratio method is applied, making use of the point spread function and energy distribution of simulated neutrino signal events to separate them from the background of atmospheric neutrinos produced by cosmic ray showers. The unbinned point source analyses are shown to perform better than binned searches and, depending on the source spectral index, the use of energy information is shown to improve discovery potential by almost a factor of two. 相似文献
70.