村庄地籍调查中轮台1∶1000真正射影像生产及其应用评估

以轮台县境内具有村庄地籍调查代表性的哈尔巴格乡喀什贝西村和吾夏克铁热克村为研究区,基于数字表面模型(DSM),完成真正射纠正,生成真正射影像(TDOM)。生成的真正射影像平面精度可达到0.1 m,优于1∶1000数字线划图点位中误差(0.4 m)的要求;TDOM能够克服遮挡和倾斜问题,建立完全垂直视角的地表景观,使建筑物保持垂直视角,避免房屋对其他地表信息的遮挡,恢复地物的正确方位;将TDOM作为村庄地籍调查的工作底图,直接对其进行地物矢量化,可快速准确地完成数字线划图(DLG)的绘制,省去立体测图的过程,大大降低制图成本,提高工作效率,在村庄地籍调查中具有较高的应用价值。     

土壤激光诱导荧光遥感研究初探

对我国不同土壤的激光诱导荧光光谱的研究表明,在可见光波段的荧光峰一般在450nm左右,其相对荧光强度与土壤有机质含量、粘粒含量、水分含量以及土壤的化学组成密切相关。还表明.测试环境的差异,并不改变土壤的荧光光谱特征,仅影响它的相对荧光强度;不同的植被覆盖度会明显引起土壤荧光光谱的相应变化。这些结果展示出了激光荧光遥感技术应用于土壤类型和某些性状探测的可能性。应用红光波段是识别植被和土壤的最佳荧光波段。     

不同养分供应状况对水稻荧光光谱特征的影响及其在遥感应用上的意义

在不同的养分供应状况下,对水稻在几个生育期的荧光光谱特征的研究表明:氮素供应的减少会引起水稻叶片荧光光谱中蓝绿波段峰的强度在有效分蘖期时降低,无效分蘖期始升高,并使红波段峰的强度和特征峰之间的强度比值(如440nm/550nm)在各生育期均有所降低;利用水稻叶片荧光光谱特征的变化监测其养分供应状况是可能的;监测波段以400—800nm为宜,监测时期应为分蘖盛期一孕穗期。     

中国陆地背景和土壤光谱反射特性的地理分区的初步研究

通过对土壤光谱反射特性与土壤理化性状关系的研究,并根据我国土壤的分布规律,提出了以植被覆盖度和土壤光谱反射特性为基础的我国陆地背景地理分区的初步方案。该方案把我国划分为6个区和23个亚区。     

库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面风沙流结构变异

对库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面气流和输沙率的野外观测和分析结果表明,沙丘表面约90%的风沙输移集中在距沙面0.10 m高度范围内,输沙率随高度递减的形式在沙丘各部位因风速、下垫面状况和坡面形态不同而发生变异。沙丘迎风坡坡脚因出露坚硬、含砾石地表,颗粒跃移高度大,风沙流上层相对输沙率大;迎风坡沙粒沿坡向上运动,颗粒跃移高度减小,风沙流中近地表相对输沙率大;沙丘背风坡沙粒沿坡向下运动,加之来自丘顶变型跃移物质的影响,风沙流上层相对输沙率较大;脊线受迎风坡各个断面地形差异的影响,各观测点间风沙流结构差异显著。风沙流结构在迎风坡和丘顶均遵循指数递减规律(Q=aexp(-z/b)),其中,指数函数拟合中系数a与输沙率具有良好的幂函数关系,随风速增加而增加,但二者关系较弱;b与二者无相关性。背风坡风沙流结构具有明显的分段现象,以0.10 m高度为界,下层符合指数函数,上层符合幂函数。     

The Detection of the Boulders in Metro Tunneling in Granite Strata Using a Shield Tunneling Method and a New Method of Coping with Boulders

While tunneling metros in granite strata using a shield tunneling, cutter heads of shield machines frequently get stuck and are damaged by boulders. Currently, effective methods for solving this problem have not been found in the world. By studying the Shenzhen Metro Line 7 in China, this research proposed a new method for predicting and coping with boulders in metro tunneling using a shield tunneling by combining microtremor survey, supplementary precise geological prospecting and surface drilling blasting. Moreover, with the elaboration of the principle and implementing steps, this method was applied in the specific engineering example. To begin with, the characteristics of H/V curve shapes of boulders exposed in the excavated sections using the shield tunneling were obtained. On this basis, we interpreted and judged the distribution forms of boulders in the unexcavated sections ahead. Afterwards, supplementary precise geological prospecting was performed to the boulders in the predicted positions according to the interpretations so as to verify and revise the interpretations. After ascertaining the distribution location and size of boulders ahead shielding sections, surface drilling blasting or punching was carried out to blast boulders. Engineering application results showed that this method has favorable effects and can provide a scientific and reasonable guidance for the development of theories of microtremor survey and the detection of boulders.     

An Integrated Multi-Level Early Warning Method for Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslides

Rainfall-induced landslides have occurred frequently in Southwestern China since the Wenchuan earthquake,resulting in massive loss of people''s life and property. Fortunately,landslide early-warning is one of the most important tools for landslide hazard prevention and mitigation. However, the accumulation of historical data of the landslides induced by rainfall is limited in many remote mountain areas and the stability of the slope is easily affected by human engineering activities and environmental changes, leading to difficulties to accurately realize early warning of landslide hazards by statistical methods. The proposed warning method is divided into rainfall warning component and deformation warning component because the deformation induced by rainfall has the characteristic of hysteretic nature. Rainfall, tilted angle and crack width are chosen as monitoring indexes. Rainfall grade level that contains rainfall intensity and duration information is graded according to the variation of the safety factor calculated by 3-D finite difference numerical simulation method, and then is applied using the strength reduction method and unascertained information theory to obtain the deformation grade level of several monitored points. Finally, based on the system reliability theory, we establish a comprehensive landslide warning level method that provides four early warning levels to reflect the safety factor reductions during and post rainfall events. The application of this method at a landslide site yield generally satisfactory results and provide a new method for performing multi-index and multi-level landslide early warnings.     

浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区土壤-作物富硒特征与重金属风险评价

富硒土地是生产富硒农产品的宝贵资源,黑色岩系形成的土壤通常富含硒和重金属元素。为了指导这类富硒土地资源的安全开发利用,选择浙江中部典型黑色岩系分布区,通过调查土壤-作物中硒和重金属的浓度及生物有效性,评价农产品富硒率,识别作物重金属超标风险。结果显示:研究区富硒土壤占38%,足硒土壤占62%,水稻和莲子富硒率分别为85.71%和100%;受黑色岩系风化成土影响,研究区土壤镉含量介于污染筛选值和风险管控值之间的样品比例为26%,且Cd活动态和潜在活动态所占比例分别为57%和40%,水稻籽实中Cd超标率为31%,莲子Cd含量均不超标。基于土壤重金属总量和形态的风险评价表明,富硒土壤开发利用的风险区主要位于西皮山岗和腰塘边一带,建议禁止种植农产品,其他黑色岩系发育的富硒丘陵地区,虽然土壤镉含量较高,但因土壤Cd的生物有效性和水稻中Cd的超标率较低,应加以保护和合理开发利用。     

轻型机载LiDAR在农村宅基地房屋测量中的应用

选择新疆焉耆县北大渠乡北大渠村房屋密集区作为研究区,通过三角翼搭载轻型机载LiDAR进行了低空（170m）交叉航线高密度点云数据采集,对点云数据进行拼接、校正、纹理信息增强,在点云上对房屋进行矢量化,并对结果进行精度检查。点云数据房角点采集率为83.3%,中误差为4.8cm。采用机载LiDAR测量房角点能够大大减少外业房角点测量的工作量。机载LiDAR的应用鲜有纹理信息的提取,本次测试通过对高密度点云数据进行有效的处理,提取了点云数据纹理信息,为机载LiDAR数据纹理信息的应用提供了参考,并对其精度有了明确的认识,可为后期相关工作的开展提供借鉴。     

BDS/GPS单历元阻尼LAMBDA算法及其在边坡变形监测中的应用效果分析

论述了BDS/GPS双系统组合下的单频单历元阻尼LAMBDA算法原理,并基于该算法实现一种实时远程变形监测系统。以理县某边坡变形监测应用为例,比较了GPS、BDS及其组合系统下的观测条件和阻尼LAMBDA算法定位效果：BDS的观测卫星数多于GPS,PDOP值相较于GPS也更加稳定;BDS单历元解标准差在N、E、U方向上分别为0.40 cm、0.31 cm、1.00 cm,优于GPS的0.61 cm、0.40 cm、1.74 cm。长期实验结果表明,在我国南部边坡监测中,BDS相比GPS具有一定优势。理县边坡23个月内位移量显著,3个监测站平均位移在N、E、U方向上分别达到8.70 cm、43.63 cm、18.03 cm。强降雨是引起土质山体滑坡的主要因素,使用累积降雨量和累积位移量建立线型回归模型,线性相关系数在0.98以上。在边坡监测中,可将实时的位移数据和降雨数据作为滑坡预警的重要依据。