基于Copula理论的粗粒土渗透破坏临界水力比降估值

破坏水力比降是土体渗透稳定性分析和渗流控制的基础。以渗透变形试验为基础,分析了粗粒土临界水力比降与孔隙比、级配不均匀系数和曲率系数间的相关性。利用Copula理论适合建立多个非独立变量间联合分布函数的优点,构造了拟合粗粒土临界水力比降 、孔隙比e、级配不均匀系数 和曲率系数 间相关关系的最优Copula函数,并将其应用于粗粒土临界水力比降估值。结果表明：具有单参数的四维对称Archimedean Copula函数的Nelsen No 6为最优Copula函数。利用构造的最优Copula函数求条件概率,便可得到粗粒土临界水力比降估值的保证率,或者计算在一定保证率条件下临界水力比降估值。通过比较临界水力比降试验值与Copula理论方法、Terzaghi公式及刘杰公式估值,阐述了Copula理论的可靠性,为建立粗粒土临界水力比降与孔隙比及级配特征的多变量统计概率关系及临界水力比降估值提供了一种新途径。     

Classification of precipitation types using fall velocity-diameter relationships from 2D-video distrometer measurements

Fall velocity-diameter relationships for four different snowflake types (dendrite, plate, needle, and graupel) were investigated in northeastern South Korea, and a new algorithm for classifying hydrometeors is proposed for distrometric measurements based on the new relationships. Falling ice crystals (approximately 40 000 particles) were measured with a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) during a winter experiment from 15 January to 9 April 2010. The fall velocity-diameter relationships were derived for the four types of snowflakes based on manual classification by experts using snow photos and 2DVD measurements: the coefficients (exponents) for different snowflake types were 0.82 (0.24) for dendrite, 0.74 (0.35) for plate, 1.03 (0.71) for needle, and 1.30 (0.94) for graupel, respectively. These new relationships established in the present study (PS) were compared with those from two previous studies. Hydrometeor types were classified with the derived fall velocity-diameter relationships, and the classification algorithm was evaluated using 3× 3 contingency tables for one rain-snow transition event and three snowfall events. The algorithm showed good performance for the transition event: the critical success indices (CSIs) were 0.89, 0.61 and 0.71 for snow, wet-snow and rain, respectively. For snow events, the algorithm performance for dendrite and plate (CSIs = 1.0 and 1.0, respectively) was better than for needle and graupel (CSIs = 0.67 and 0.50, respectively).     

Dissolved organic matter in surface runoff in the Loess Plateau of China: The role of rainfall events and land-use

Exploring the chemical characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is important for understanding the fate of laterally transported organic matter in watersheds. We hypothesized that differences in water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soils of varying land uses and rainfall events may significantly affect the quality and the quantity of stream DOM. To test our hypotheses, characteristics of rainfall-runoff DOM and WEOM of source materials (topsoil from different land uses and gullies, as well as typical vegetation) were investigated at two adjacent catchments in the Loess Plateau of China, using ultraviolet–visible absorbance and excitation emission matrix fluorescence with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Results indicated that land-use types may significantly affect the chemical composition of soil WEOM, including its aromaticity, molecular weight, and degree of humification. The PARAFAC analysis demonstrated that the soils and stream water were dominated by terrestrial/allochthonous humic-like substances and microbial transformable humic-like fluorophores. Shifts in the fluorescence properties of stream DOM suggested a pronounced change in the relative proportion of allochthonous versus autochthonous material under different rainfall patterns and land uses. For example, high proportions of forestland could provide more allochthonous DOM input. This study highlights the relevance of soils and hydrological dynamics on the composition and fluxes of DOM issuing from watersheds. The composition of DOM in soils was influenced by land-use type. Precipitation patterns influenced the proportion of terrestrial versus microbial origins of DOM in surface runoff. Contributions of allochthonous, terrestrially derived DOM inputs were highest from forested landscapes.     

MJO Simulations by GAMIL1.0 and GAMIL2.0

GAMIL2.0 is the newly released version of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG(GAMIL),in which the major modifications from GAMIL1.0 include an updated deep convection scheme and the incorporation of a two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme.This study evaluates the performances of both versions on Madden Julian Oscillation(MJO) simulations.The results show that GAMIL2.0 obtains an enhanced MJO eastward and northward propagation,which is weak in GAMIL1.0,and it reproduces a more reasonable MJO major structure coupling upper level wind,lower level wind,and outgoing long wave radiation.The contributions of each scheme and factor to the improvement of GAMIL2.0 simulations need further study.     

Diurnal Variation of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Western North Pacific in 2008–10

Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Center’s morphing technique (CMORPH) products obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). From January 2008 to October 2010, 72 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center’s (JTWC) best-track record. The TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT) and interpolated into Local Standard Time (LST). Harmonic analysis was applied to analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obvious diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days. The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical depressions (TDs) exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude (PVA), at approximately 30%, while super typhoons (STs) contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage (more than 37%) is stronger than that in the developing (less than 20%) and sustaining (28%) stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% (less than 18%) is the highest (lowest) over the high-latitude oceanic areas (the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands). In addition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively.     

小秦岭地区矿田构造深部探测初步认识

通过地震剖面、钻孔资料对比,利用1∶5万重力资料和广域电磁测深资料对小秦岭地区矿田构造深部特征进行了探讨。初步认为:小秦岭地区太华群埋深1 500、2 500、3 500 m处是重要的构造界面,特别是1 500 m处可能限制了大多数的石英脉矿体就位,1 500～2 500 m网格状电磁剖面南倾、北倾视电阻率交汇部位有可能形成较大规模金矿体;巡马道断裂结构复杂,其上盘可能以构造片岩、碎裂岩为主,3 500 m深部可能存在燕山期侵入岩体,具有寻找石英脉型金矿的前景,又具备形成构造蚀变岩型金矿的条件;太要断裂呈"阶梯状"北倾,其北1.5～3 km范围内,第四系下伏太华群埋深在800～1 500 m,该断裂西宽东窄,东西两段断距存在差异;提出了该地区深部找矿应重点关注巡马道断裂中西段两侧电性结构特征复杂地段的认识。     

含能材料损伤裂纹的工业CT图像分析

高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)可看作由炸药晶体及各种添加剂构成的多组份复合材料,为研究温度冲击时裂纹在炸药内部结构中扩展的过程,采用微焦点X射线CT扫描技术获得不同温度冲击条件下,炸药破裂过程中的一系列CT图像.本文根据CT差值图像,由是否出现线状影像判断裂纹的存在,通过变换CT差值图像中像素值的阈值范围分析裂纹的分布特点.基于CT物理原理对裂纹区域进行选取和定量化描述,研究了含能材料CT图像中裂纹形态判定和扩展方式的问题,从理论上探讨了含能材料损伤破坏的细观机理,为今后进一步利用CT进行材料疲劳寿命等相关分析提供一种新的方法.     

松辽盆地南部埋藏史

盆地沉降史和埋藏史分析是油气评价的重要组成部分,根据松辽盆地南部测井资料,在地层剥蚀量计算的基础上,开展了沉积速率、沉降速率和埋藏史研究。沉积速率和沉降速率模拟结果表明:沙河子组、营城组沉积速率和沉降速率最高,泉头组、明水组较高,而登娄库组、青山口组、姚家组、四方台组较低。埋藏史研究结果表明:沙河子组-营城组时期,具有快速沉降、快速沉积和快速埋藏特征;营城组末期遭受剥蚀,地层缺失和剥蚀自西向东有增大的趋势;登娄库组-明水组时期,埋藏史特征表现为较快速的沉降、沉积和埋藏;姚家组以下的地层保存相对完整,嫩江组上部-明水组地层剥蚀较大,东南隆起区基本缺失嫩江组三段-明水组;古近纪-新近纪,总体特征是缓慢抬升,之后缓慢下降、缓慢沉积、缓慢埋藏。     

C6H水平井三维轨迹优选与控制技术

渤海北部LD油田在井网加密、油田大规模综合布置新钻调整井时,存在新钻的25口井与老井井网交叉、井眼轨迹立体三维缠绕问题,其中C6H水平井是此类问题的典型,同时C6H井还需要在可钻性极差的馆陶组底砾岩地层定向造斜。针对上述问题,通过C6H井3种轨迹方案对比、分析,优选出最为有利的方案,结合螺杆马达和旋转导向工具性能分析,最后采用螺杆马达 水力震荡器 微偏心稳定器等钻具组合新方式,顺利实施了C6H井。