An Analysis of the Variation of Solar Activity

Using the method of Morlet wavelet transform, we analysed the sunspot relative numbers and obtained some meaningful results. The solar activity possesses the periods of 10.7a and 101a, and the period of 10.7a is very prominent. The variation of intensity of the solar activity exhibits certain stages. In 1950 there occurred abrupt changes of climate, and since then the solar activity has become more and more intense. It is predicted that it would be weaker for some time interval in the future.     

Vertical Variability of the Undrained Shear Strength of Golden Horn Clay

In this study, a stochastic method was applied to investigate if there exists a statistical correlation between values of undrained shear strength at various vertical distances along Golden Horn. Therefore, the undrained shear strength values measured by field vane shear tests at different depths were used to determine the depth dependent variation of the mean value and standard deviation. Futhermore, autocorrelation functions were defined to describe the correlation between values of c_u at different depths. The study showed that the applied method might provide a statistical range to estimate the undrained shear strength value at depths where no measurements are undertaken.     

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TMDL development for the Taihu Lake’s influent rivers,China using variable daily load expressions

Influent river carrying nutrient pollutants from watershed loads makes a great contribution to the eutrophication in river-fed lake. It is scientific standard to make policies on river pollution control based on loading capacity of the river of interest. To control eutrophication in Taihu Lake has been the focal point of “The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline” proposed by Chinese government. The Taigeyunhe, Caoqiaohe and Yincungang Rivers which were the most polluted influent rivers in Taihu Lake Basin were scheduled for nutrient total maximum daily load (TMDL). A variety of mechanistic and empirical models are applied worldwide for TMDL development. However, model selection depends on management objectives, site-specific characteristics and availability of data resource. In this study, based on watershed characteristics and limited data, a nutrient TMDL is developed using flow and temporally variable daily load expressions. The simple and effective approaches specify allowable daily maximum loads for controlling on instantaneous high load and allowable daily median loads for achieving long-term TMDL allocation. For the entire river system, loading capacities are much lower during low flows. The maximum percent load reductions for biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen in spring and total phosphorus in winter can be obtained when pollution source inputs seasonally vary. This study provides local authority with two different alternatives in decision-making for pollution control on influent rivers and then to reduce external loads to the lake.     

Simultaneous estimation of soil moisture and hydraulic parameters using residual resampling particle filter

Land data assimilation (DA) has gradually developed into an important earth science research method because of its ability to combine model simulations and observations. Integrating new observations into a land surface model by the DA method can correct the predicted trajectory of the model and thus, improve the accuracy of state variables. It can also reduce uncertainties in the model by estimating some model parameters simultaneously. Among the various DA methods, the particle filter is free from the constraints of linear models and Gaussian error distributions, and can be applicable to any nonlinear and non-Gaussian state-space model; therefore, its importance in land data assimilation research has increased. In this study, a DA scheme was developed based on the residual resampling particle filter. Microwave brightness temperatures were assimilated into the macro-scale semi-distributed variance infiltration capacity model to estimate the surface soil moisture and three hydraulic parameters simultaneously. Finally, to verify the scheme, a series of comparative experiments was performed with experimental data obtained during the Soil Moisture Experiment of 2004 in Arizona. The results show that the scheme can improve the accuracy of soil moisture estimations significantly. In addition, the three hydraulic parameters were also well estimated, demonstrating the effectiveness of the DA scheme.     

Effect of human‐controlled hydrological regime on the source,transport, and flux of particulate organic carbon from the lower Huanghe (Yellow River)

Evaluating the role of fluvial transfer of terrestrial organic carbon (OC) and subsequent burial in the global carbon cycle requires the sources and fluxes of fluvial OC to be assessed, which remains poorly constrained in the Huanghe (Yellow River). Here, we report the elemental, stable isotopic, and radiocarbon activity of particulate organic carbon (POC) sampled at the outlet of Huanghe in 2012–2013. We show that the Huanghe riverine POC can be explained by binary mixing of fossil (POC_fossil) and non‐fossil (POC_non‐fossil) components, the former may reach ~40% of the total POC. The Huanghe POC_non‐fossil is mostly sourced from C3 plants, with a mean residence time of c. 2200 years. The current human‐controlled hydrological regime strongly influenced the POC sources, transport modes, and fluxes. In 2012–2013, the Huanghe delivered 0.73 Tg (1 Tg = 10¹² g) of POC to the sea, and about 28% of the annual POC flux occurred within a short human induced flood event. Globally, the Huanghe should be one of the largest rivers in the transfer and re‐burial of fossil OC. However, the fate of Huanghe fossil OC is still unconstrained and needs to be further investigated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气象影视设备集约化技术初探

目前有些地市局拥有两套非编设备,但是两套设备之间不能联网,达不到随时备份和提高设备利用率的目的。本文通过将两套非编设备并同虚拟机连成局域网,两套非编设备平时各自工作,一套录制,另一套可实时获取录制的素材并进行配音编辑,提高了设备的利用率;同时两套非编设备互为备份,在一套出现故障时,另一套非编能独立承担工作,不需要更改线路。通过气象影视设备的集约化改造,在保障节目质量的前提下,提高了工作效率,两个小时内录制七至八套节目成为现实,同时设备的互为备份,也保障了系统的可靠性。     

利用激光雷达观测兰州沙尘气溶胶辐射特性

利用微脉冲激光雷达CE370-2与太阳光度计CE-318, 在兰州观测分析了2007年3月27~29日扬沙过程沙尘气溶胶辐射特性, 并利用HYSPLIT-4模式分析了沙尘过程气溶胶粒子的后向轨迹。分析表明, 此沙尘过程气溶胶粒子的传输路径主要有两条： 一条起源于青海西北经西宁抵兰州, 另一条起源于塔克拉玛干沙漠经河西走廊抵兰州; 沙尘气溶胶主要集中于离地1.5 km高度层内; 沙尘气溶胶消光系数随高度先增加, 到0.2 km左右高度达到最大, 然后急剧减小。沙尘气溶胶光学厚度的时间演变呈双峰型, 最高峰出现在28日12:00, 次高峰在27日22:00。验证表明由CE370-2得到的气溶胶光学厚度与CE-318得到的很接近; 雷达观测资料的处理方法可以较好地反演气溶胶消光系数和光学厚度。