论发震构造特性在潜在震源区参数确定中的应用

发震构造特性是潜在震源区划分及其地震年发生率确定的重要依据。潜在震源区除了反映“未来具有发生破坏性地震的地区”的内涵外,还应反映高震级档地震具有相似复发特征的涵义。由于在地震活动性参数统计单元内,有一些具有不同本底地震的活动构造块体,为更好地反映地震活动的空间不均匀性,考虑潜在震源区的三级划分是有必要的。通过分析潜在震源区内高震级档地震的复发特征,计算预测时段内潜在震源区的高震级档地震的发震概率,采用预测时段内概率等效转换获得地震年平均发生率的方法,有助于在中国地震危险性分析框架内考虑潜在震源区的强震复发特性。另外,文中还对潜在震源区内特征地震次级震级档频度不足的特性和发震构造上强震非均匀性在地震危险性分析中的应用问题进行了探讨     

Incision of alluvial channels in response to a continuous base level fall: Field characterization, modeling, and validation along the Dead Sea

The dramatic lake level drop of the Dead Sea during the twentieth century ( 30 m) provides a field-scale experiment in transport-limited incision of gravel-bed channels in response to quasi-continuous base level fall at approximately constant rate. We apply a one-dimensional numerical incision model based on a linear diffusion equation to seven ephemeral channels draining into the Dead Sea. The model inputs include the measured twentieth century lake level curve, annual shoreline location (i.e., annual channel lengthening following the lake level drop), reconstructed longitudinal profiles of each of the channels based on mapped and surveyed terraces, and the current profiles of the active channels. The model parameters included the diffusion coefficient and the upstream-derived sediment flux. Both were first calibrated using a set of longitudinal profiles of known ages and then validated using additional sets of longitudinal profiles.The maximum at-station total incision observed at each of the studied channels was significantly less then the total lake level drop and varied in response to both drainage area and lake bathymetry. The model applied predicted degradation rates and the pattern of degradation with high accuracy. This suggests that sediment flux in the modeled channels is indeed linearly dependent on slope. Further support for this linear dependency is provided by a linear correlation between the diffusion coefficient and the mean annual rain volume over each basin (a proxy for discharge). The model presented could be a valuable tool for planning in rapid base level fall environments where incision may risk infrastructure.     

海洋可控源电磁法空气波研究现状及展望

海洋可控源电磁法是钻前储层评价的有效手段,它可作为海洋地震重要辅助手段识别海底构造的储油/储水特征,从而减少盲钻率和勘探成本。然而,当使用水平电偶极作为发射源在浅水区测量时,沿空气-海水分界面传播的空气波会完全掩盖从高阻储油层返回的有用信号。由于空气波不含海底储油层的任何信息,空气波的存在严重影响海洋电磁的应用。因此,如何在浅水区观测数据中去除空气波影响以取得好的反演结果成为当前海洋电磁法的研究热点之一。首先基于Weidelt的空气波理论并采用对TE谱核直接求导的方法推导出空气波的主导项,然后根据空气波的物理成因及影响特征阐述了海洋电磁数据解释之前必须去除空气波的原因,最后将目前处理空气波问题的方法分成3类：1)根据空气波在频率域和时间域的特性去除或压制空气波,2)采用无空气波的测量方式,3)直接对含空气波的电磁数据进行反演解释。通过比较各种方法的效果,发现所有方法都有自己的应用条件和局限性。为有效地压制和去除空气波,各种方法的组合也许有更好的应用效果。     

静力触探在复合地基质量检测中的应用

论述了静力触探 ( CPT)技术在黄土地区对人工复合地基承载力的确定 ,以及静力触探曲线特征与灰土挤密桩挤密效果的对应关系。     

Perceptions and realities of land degradation in arid Otjimbingwe, Namibia

We examined the perceptions and realities of land degradation in a communal ranching area, Otjimbingwe, in arid Namibia (in south-western Africa). It is commonly perceived that large-scale degradation of Otjimbingwe has occurred due to a mixture of improper pastoral practices and pressures induced by a high human population growth rate. We sought to determine whether the inhabitants perceived land degradation to have taken place and whether their perceptions were consistent with empirical data on environmental quality. Furthermore, we wished to determine whether these pastoralists had management strategies to help them withstand the harsh environmental conditions in which they live. All respondents in our surveys perceived that the environment had become degraded. The claimed source of this degradation, a decline in annual rainfall, is inconsistent with long-term rainfall records (there was neither change nor cyclicity in rainfall over time). There is also little evidence of a decline in plant cover and soil quality in spite of the very high stocking densities. No overall pastoral strategy exists in Otjimbingwe. Options for management are extremely limited due to a variety of external and internal pressures such as a high human population growth rate, high immigration into Otjimbingwe, restricted water availability due to dams constructed upstream, and limited movement opportunities for livestock in drought periods.     

广州市绿地空间布局辨析与政策建议

分析广州绿地空间布局现状特征,指出广州市应立足于现有的绿地资源,作出统一、科学的符合“市情”的生态规划,并指出广州绿地空间布局过于依赖白云山和海珠果园保护区做法的不足之处,提出建设广州市“生态走廊”的政策建议。     

车辆荷载作用下软土地基塑性变形的计算

对于低路堤公路,合理地预测车辆荷载引起的地基塑性累积变形对于低路堤公路的设计有着重要的意义。从机制上讲,可将地基的塑性应变分为塑性体积应变和塑性剪切应变。其中对于塑性体积应变,提出采用不排水条件下的残余孔压模型与一维固结理论相耦合进行计算;对于塑性剪切应变,考虑了塑性体积应变引起的土体硬化,提出了修正的塑性剪切应变计算模型。然后基于所提模型,对萧山黏土的不排水与排水条件下的动三轴试验进行模拟,初步验证了所提模型的有效性。对于实际工程问题,首先运用数值的方法求得车辆荷载在地基中引起的附加应力,然后运用所提模型计算各土层的塑性应变,再结合分层总和的方法求得地基的累积塑性变形。以日本佐贺机场1号测点为例,说明了模型在工程边值问题中的有效性。     

用trackRT进行实时GPS数据处理

利用trackRT实时定位模块对GPS连续站数据进行处理,得到测站的实时动态位移,精度水平方向约为1 cm、垂向约为2 cm;利用其RINEX模拟模块trackRTr对2011年日本Mw9.0地震的1 Hz GPS数据进行模拟实时处理,与事后处理结果较为一致;分析卫星轨道星历和基线长度对解算精度的影响,结果表明基线长度对解算精度影响较大。     

Oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology biomarker responses in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver from Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of environmental contaminants on oxidative stress, genotoxic and histopathologic biomarkers in liver of mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) collected from a polluted coastal lagoon (Bizerte Lagoon) in comparison to a reference site (the Mediterranean Sea). Antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, suggesting deficiency of the antioxidant system to compensate for oxidative stress. DNA damage was higher in both fish species from the contaminated site indicating genotoxic effects. The liver histopathological analysis revealed alterations in fish from Bizerte Lagoon. Hepatocytes from both fish species featured extensive lipid-type vacuolation and membrane disruption. Results suggest that the selected biomarkers in both fish species are useful for the assessment of pollution impacts in coastal environments influenced by multiple pollution sources.