南天山野云沟石炭系研究新进展

南天山野云沟石炭系的沉积特征和构造背景研究,有助于合理建立塔里木北缘含油气盆地古地理格局和区域构造格架。石炭系上部碎屑岩中发育典型的鲍玛序列,粒度统计分析显示,其水动力状态为浊流成因,从而确认南天山野云沟石炭系中存在浊积岩。通过对该碎屑岩的岩相分析,认为其可能形成于海底扇环境。26组古流向资料计算表明,其物源来自南侧的古塔里木陆块;12个砂样的碎屑成分统计、10个样品的岩石常量元素资料和3个样品的岩石稀土元素资料分析,说明其形成的构造背景属再旋回造山带和被动大陆边缘。     

FROM YELLOW RIVER MODELS TO MODELING OF RIVERS

1INTRODUCTIONTheYellowRiverisadreamtoserioushydraulicengineerswholovechallenge.Historically,theriveristhe"sorrowofChina."Itisalsooneofthefirstriverssubjecttoscientificmodelingattheearlystageofdevelopmentofphysicalscalemodels.ThecontroversyearlythiscenturybetweenthemodelresultsofHubertEngels(1854-1945)andthoseofOt-toFranzius(1878-1936)effectivelydelayedtheChinesegovernment'sdecisiononhowtheriverwastoberegUlatedwithlevees.ChinahasalonghistoryofobservingandregulatingtheYellowRiver.There…     

Gravity contributions to the understanding of salt tectonics from the Jebel Cheid area (dome zone, Northern Tunisia)

Detailed gravity measurements integrated with geological data were computed to constrain the mechanisms that were active during the emplacement of the Triassic evaporite-bearing folds of Jebel Cheid from the salt-dome zone in the Atlassic region. The gravity analysis consists in mapping the contrasting gravity responses: complete Bouguer anomaly, residual anomaly and derivative maps; the main results display a positive amplitude gravity anomaly as the response of Triassic evaporite bodies and important NE–SW-trending features at the boundaries between the Triassic outcrops and their enveloping strata. In contrast with gravity calculations of a salt dome structure usually resulting in negative gravity anomaly models, the Jebel Cheid clearly expresses a positive gravity anomaly; furthermore, this result is supported by synthetic gravity interpretation.     

Neotectonic and seismotectonic investigation of seismically active regions in Tunisia: a multidisciplinary approach

Due to its key position within the Africa–Europe convergence zone, Tunisia is marked by thrusting, folding, and faulting and has a major rupture zones associated with active faults. Consequently, most of Tunisian land is seismically active with significant active deformations, showing recent seismic events and their relative surface effects. This paper reports on several aspects of the seismotectonics, historical, and present-day seismicity and places them in the general tectonic and geodynamic framework of Tunisia. Field investigations, based on an integrated multidisciplinary approach, included (1) the identification of active faults, their motion and displacement, geomorphic aspects, and scarps and their relation with the general structural map of Tunisia and (2) an extensive analysis of brittle tectonic deformation affecting Quaternary deposits in several sites throughout Tunisia. The integration of field data within the existing data related to the seismic events that took place during the last decades allowed the establishment of an earthquake distribution map, as well as major seismic zones for better understanding of the seismicity database of Tunisia. To establish microzonation maps in seismic regions such as Gafsa and its surroundings, we have analyzed surface effects and secondary structures associated with active faults and correlated them with deformation rates, reconstructed for significant seismic events. Most faults exhibited typical left-stepping en-echelon with strike-slip component pattern suggesting that Tunisia is presently subjected to NNW–SSE compression. The focal mechanism of most Tunisia earthquakes combined with the existing tectonic and structural information and reconstruction of the Quaternary stress tensor allowed (a) better understanding of seismic zoning, (b) provided better assessment of the seismic hazard, and (c) facilitated the interpretation of the relationship between seismic zones and the geodynamic African–Eurasian plate boundary.     

Variability in Bacteria and Virus‐Like Particle Abundances During Purging of Unconfined Aquifers

Standard methodologies for sampling the physicochemical conditions of groundwater recommend purging a bore for three bore volumes to avoid sampling the stagnant water within a bore and instead gain samples representative of the aquifer. However, there are currently no methodological standards addressing the amount of purging required to gain representative biological samples to assess groundwater bacterial and viral abundances. The objective of this study was to examine how bacterial and viral abundances change during the purging of bore volumes. Six bores infiltrating into unconfined aquifers were pumped for five or six bore volumes each and bacteria and virus‐like particles (VLPs) were enumerated from each bore volume using flow cytometry. In examination of the individual bores trends in bacterial abundances were observed to increase, decrease, or remain constant with each purged bore volume. Furthermore, triplicates taken at each bore volume indicated substantial variations in VLP and bacterial abundances that are often larger than the differences between bore volumes. This indicates a high level of small scale heterogeneity in microbial community abundance in groundwater samples, and we suggest that this may be an intrinsic feature of bore biology. The heterogeneity observed may be driven by bottom up processes (variability in the distribution of organic and inorganic nutrients), top‐down processes (grazing and viral lysis), physical heterogeneities in the bore, or technical artifacts associated with the purging process. We suggest that a more detailed understanding of the ecology underpinning this variability is required to adequately describe the microbiological characteristics of groundwater ecosystems.     

Seasonality of Competition in Early Development of Subtidal Encrusting Communities

Abstract. Settlement panels immersed at Lough Hyne, County Cork, Ireland, at six stations with widely different flow regimes were retrieved at monthly intervals. Between 40 and 62 taxa were identified at each station during the study period. Percentage cover, number of interactions and number of recruits were recorded. Space occupied was found to vary more than 2.5 orders of magnitude between stations and seasons (0.3 – 82 %). Competition for space was most intense during summer, when recruitment was highest. More than 3600 interactions between pairs of species were recorded and competitive matrices are presented for the two stations with the most interactions. Both number of interactions and % cover were significantly higher at sites with greater water flow. The nature and the degree of competition varied between sites, with the most intense competition occurring in the very high flow sites with a large proportion of intra­specific encounters. Colonial species were more evident at the sites with high flow. Certain solitary species (notably Anomia ephippium and Pomatoceros spp.) were successful competitors in encounters with cheilostomatid bryozoans. Solitary species may prevent space monopolisation by the faster-growing bryozoans. 'Typical' early successional species, notably bryozoans such as Celleporella hyalina and Microporella ciliata, were more abundant at the more disturbed sites, implying either a larger adult population and/or preferential settlement of these species at such sites.     

Processes at the margins of supraglacial debris cover: Quantifying dirty ice ablation and debris redistribution

Current glacier ablation models have difficulty simulating the high-melt transition zone between clean and debris-covered ice. In this zone, thin debris cover is thought to increase ablation compared to clean ice, but often this cover is patchy rather than continuous. There is a need to understand ablation and debris dynamics in this transition zone to improve the accuracy of ablation models and the predictions of future debris cover extent. To quantify the ablation of partially debris-covered ice (or ‘dirty ice’), a high-resolution, spatially continuous ablation map was created from repeat unmanned aerial systems surveys, corrected for glacier flow in a novel way using on-glacier ablation stakes. Surprisingly, ablation is similar (range ~ 5 mm w.e. per day) across a wide range of percentage debris covers (~ 30–80%) due to the opposing effects of a positive correlation between percentage debris cover and clast size, countered by a negative correlation with albedo. Once debris cover becomes continuous, ablation is significantly reduced (by 61.6% compared to a partial debris cover), and there is some evidence that the cleanest ice (<~ 15% debris cover) has a lower ablation than dirty ice (by 3.7%). High-resolution feature tracking of clast movement revealed a strong modal clast velocity where debris was continuous, indicating that debris moves by creep down moraine slopes, in turn promoting debris cover growth at the slope toe. However, not all slope margins gain debris due to the removal of clasts by supraglacial streams. Clast velocities in the dirty ice area were twice as fast as clasts within the continuously debris-covered area, as clasts moved by sliding off their boulder tables. These new quantitative insights into the interplay between debris cover characteristics and ablation can be used to improve the treatment of dirty ice in ablation models, in turn improving estimates of glacial meltwater production. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

各向异性介质中的浅海海洋可控源电磁响应特征

由于受到空气波的影响,浅海海洋可控源电磁数据对海底储油层的反映较弱,如何对浅海数据进行处理和解释一直是海洋电磁理论研究的热点。随着近年来海洋电磁理论的不断完善,浅海数据已经可以被较好地处理与反演,但是其解释水平仍然受基本理论研究不足的制约。针对这一现状,本文开展了海底电各向异性对浅海数据影响规律的研究。具体方法为:利用欧拉旋转建立不同的海底电性各向异性模型,然后采用交错网格有限差分法计算浅海海洋可控源电磁响应,最后通过分析同线情况下电场E_x分量的振幅和相位曲线特征以及海底电场及电流密度分布规律,分析各向异性对浅海海洋可控源电磁响应影响的物理机制,并讨论浅海各向异性情况下海洋电磁对高阻储油层的识别能力。得出的结论为各向异性介质中的浅海海洋电磁响应特征与深海有较大区别,在进行数据的处理、反演和解释时应区别于深海情况。