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41.
Ben K. Greenfield Geoffrey S. Siemering Joy C. Andrews Michael Rajan Stephen P. Andrews David F. Spencer 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(4):627-640
Management actions to control invasive aquatic species can have significant ecosystem-scale effects. We evaluated the water
chemistry and nutrient effects of mechanical shredding to control water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in an agricultural slough and a tidal wetland on the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California. Shredding was conducted
with two types of shredder boats in fall of 2003 and another boat in spring of 2004. Shredding measurably affected water quality,
but specific effects varied as a function of shredding site and season. Significant increases were observed for total Kjeldahl
nitrogen and total phosphorus for all experiments. Dissolved oxygen effects varied by site, decreasing after shredding at
the agricultural slough but increasing at the tidal wetland. The increase in dissolved oxygen likely resulted from tidal incursions
from the adjacent river. A year-long time series of dissolved oxygen data indicated a negative relationship between hyacinth
abundance and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Hyacinth contained similar tissue concentrations of mercury to underlying sediments,
suggesting that plant harvesting could aid mercury remediation efforts. Simple mass calculations indicated that Delta-wide
shredding operations could cause between 0.1% and 9.6% increases in the overall abundance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
in the Delta water column. Results suggest that local effects of management actions to control invasive aquatic plants will
vary widely as a function of site-specific hydrology, but that estuary-wide effects would be limited. 相似文献
42.
Ben J. Kefford 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1998,7(2):153-170
In order to relate macroinvertebrate fauna to electrical conductivity (EC), a survey of selected orders of macroinvertebrates
was conducted in the Glenelg, Hopkins, Merri and Barwon River Catchments in south-west Victoria, Australia. The survey consisted
of sampling 21 paired sites at confluences of streams. There was little difference between the in-stream habitat but there
was a range of differences in EC between each of the paired sites. The dissimilarity of macroinvertebrate fauna between the
paired sites was compared to the proportional difference in EC and other water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, water
temperature, pH, NO2−N, NO3−N, PO4 and turbidity). This allowed the elimination of EC being confounded with geographical scale parameters and took into account
other water quality parameters that may be confounded with EC. A positive relationship was found between the dissimilarity
of the fauna at each of the two paired sites and the proportional difference in EC. No such relationship was found for any
other measured water quality variable. The results of this survey show that macroinvertebrate community structure is associated
with EC of the river systems investigated after eliminating large scale geographical patterns, in-stream habitat and the measured
water quality parameters. 相似文献
43.
Claude J. Allegre Dalila Ben Othman Mireille Polve Pierre Richard 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1979,19(4):293-306
The neodymium-strontium isotopic correlation observed in most of the Earth mantle materials is evaluated by means of direct modelling. Several geochemical models are quantitatively developed to explain the observations. The main results of this modelling are that such a correlation is not geochemically trivial and that it corresponds to specific conditions in chemical fractionation. These specific conditions seem to be satisfied by solid-liquid partitioning in magmatic conditions. The discussion of the experimental data supports a continuous convecting-magmatic fractionation model for a large proportion of the mantle. 相似文献
44.
45.
46.
Ben Buse John C. Schumacher R. Stephen J. Sparks Matthew Field 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,160(4):533-550
Metamorphic assemblages within Karoo basalt xenoliths, found within volcaniclastic kimberlite of the B/K9 pipe, Damtshaa,
Botswana, constrain conditions of kimberlite alteration. Bultfonteinite and chlorite partially replace the original augite-plagioclase
assemblage, driven by the serpentinisation of the kimberlite creating strong chemical potential gradients for Si and Mg. Hydrogarnet
and serpentine replace these earlier metamorphic assemblages as the deposits cool. The bultfonteinite (ideally Ca2SiO2[OH,F]4) and hydrogarnet assemblages require a water-rich fluid containing F−, and imply hydrothermal alteration dominated by external fluids rather than autometamorphism from deuteric fluids. Bultfonteinite
and hydrogarnet are estimated to form at temperatures of ca. 350–250°C, which are similar to those for serpentinisation. Alteration
within the B/K9 kimberlite predominantly occurs between 250 and 400°C. We attribute these conditions to increased efficiency
of mass transfer and chemical reactions below the critical point of water and a consequence of volume-increasing serpentinisation
and metasomatic reactions that take place over this temperature range. A comparison of the B/K9 kimberlite with kimberlites
from Venetia, South Africa suggests that the composition and mineralogy of included xenoliths affects the alteration assemblages
within kimberlite deposits. 相似文献
47.
Antti Pulkkinen Michael Hesse Shahid Habib Luke Van der Zel Ben Damsky Fritz Policelli David Fugate William Jacobs Elizabeth Creamer 《Natural Hazards》2010,53(2):333-345
In this paper, central elements of the Solar Shield project, launched to design and establish an experimental system capable
of forecasting the space weather effects on high-voltage power transmission system, are described. It will be shown how Sun–Earth
system data and models hosted at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) are used to generate two-level magnetohydrodynamics-based
forecasts providing 1–2 day and 30–60 min lead-times. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) represents the end-user,
the power transmission industry, in the project. EPRI integrates the forecast products to an online display tool providing
information about space weather conditions to the member power utilities. EPRI also evaluates the economic impacts of severe
storms on power transmission systems. The economic analysis will quantify the economic value of the generated forecasting
system. The first version of the two-level forecasting system is currently running in real-time at CCMC. An initial analysis
of the system’s capabilities has been completed, and further analysis is being carried out to optimize the performance of
the system. Although the initial results are encouraging, definite conclusions about system’s performance can be given only
after more extensive analysis, and implementation of an automatic evaluation process using forecasted and observed geomagnetically
induced currents from different nodes of the North American power transmission system. The final output of the Solar Shield
will be a recommendation for an optimal forecasting system that may be transitioned into space weather operations. 相似文献
48.
The aim of this work is to study the temporal dynamics of rhizome epiphytes and sessile animals living on the rhizomes of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the east of Tunisia. Surveys were conducted in October 2009, and in January, April and August 2010 on a fringing reef located in Chebba. Rhizomes were sampled by SCUBA diving at three stations. Samples were examined with a microscope to estimate the cover of macroinvertebrate and macroalgal organisms on the top 10 cm of each rhizome. Results revealed a high diversity of epiphytes on P. oceanica rhizomes with a dominance of red and brown algae, ascidians, and bryozoans. Distinct temporal changes were observed in Oued Lafrann, with a high January cover (winter period) for all groups. These winter increases can be attributed to: (i) the low phenological parameters of P. oceanica in winter that reduce the effects of shading, (ii) life cycles of the epiphytes and invertebrates, (iii) water motion and (iv) grazing. 相似文献
49.
L. Sushama S. Ben Said M. N. Khaliq D. Nagesh Kumar R. Laprise 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(12):3419-3437
Selected characteristics of dry spells and associated trends over India during the 1951–2007 period is studied using two gridded datasets: the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Asian Precipitation-Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of the water resources (APHRODITE) datasets. Two precipitation thresholds, 1 and 3 mm, are used to define a dry day (and therefore dry spells) in this study. Comparison of the spatial patterns of the dry spell characteristics (mean number of dry days, mean number of dry spells, mean and maximum duration of dry spells) for the annual and summer monsoon period obtained with both datasets agree overall, except for the northernmost part of India. The number of dry days obtained with APHRODITE is larger for this region compared to IMD, which is consistent with the smaller precipitation for the region in APHRODITE. These differences are also visible in the spatial patterns of mean and maximum dry spell durations. Analysis of field significance associated with trends, at the level of 34 predefined meteorological subdivisions over the mainland, suggests better agreement between the two datasets in positive trends associated with number of dry days for the annual and summer monsoon period, for both thresholds. Important differences between the two datasets are noted in the field significance associated with the negative trends. While negative trends in annual maximum duration of dry spells appear field significant for the desert regions according to both datasets, they are found field significant for two regions (Punjab and South Interior Karnataka) for the monsoon period for both datasets. This study, in addition to providing information on the spatial and temporal patterns associated with dry spell characteristics, also allows identification of regions and characteristics where the two datasets agree/disagree. 相似文献
50.
Enhancing the relevance of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways for climate change impacts,adaptation and vulnerability research 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bas J. van Ruijven Marc A. Levy Arun Agrawal Frank Biermann Joern Birkmann Timothy R. Carter Kristie L. Ebi Matthias Garschagen Bryan Jones Roger Jones Eric Kemp-Benedict Marcel Kok Kasper Kok Maria Carmen Lemos Paul L. Lucas Ben Orlove Shonali Pachauri Tom M. Parris Anand Patwardhan Arthur Petersen Benjamin L. Preston Jesse Ribot Dale S. Rothman Vanessa J. Schweizer 《Climatic change》2014,122(3):481-494
This paper discusses the role and relevance of the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and the new scenarios that combine SSPs with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability (IAV) research. It first provides an overview of uses of social–environmental scenarios in IAV studies and identifies the main shortcomings of earlier such scenarios. Second, the paper elaborates on two aspects of the SSPs and new scenarios that would improve their usefulness for IAV studies compared to earlier scenario sets: (i) enhancing their applicability while retaining coherence across spatial scales, and (ii) adding indicators of importance for projecting vulnerability. The paper therefore presents an agenda for future research, recommending that SSPs incorporate not only the standard variables of population and gross domestic product, but also indicators such as income distribution, spatial population, human health and governance. 相似文献