中国大陆及华北地区地震资料的小波分析

基于地震活动为多尺度多活动这一观点，运用小波变换方法，以不同的小波尺度分析了中国大陆1900～2001年和华北地区1500～2001年M≥5地震的本尼奥夫应变资料，得到了各种层次地震活跃期和平静期，分析结果可信而又符合实际。对历史地震研究和地震危险性预测具有一定的参考价值。     

Case Study of Fog Predictability for an Event with Cold-Front Synoptic Pattern

Fog has recently become a frequent high-impact weather phenomenon along the coastal regions of North China. Accurate fog forecasting remains challenging due to limited understanding of the predictability and mechanism of fog formation associated with synoptic-scale circulation. One frequent synoptic pattern of fog formation in this area is associated with cold front passage(cold-front synoptic pattern, CFSP). This paper explored the predictability of a typical CFSP fog event from the perspective of analyzing key characteristics of synoptic-scale circulation determining fog forecasting performance and the possible mechanism. The event was ensemble forecasted with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Two groups of ensemble members with good and bad forecasting performance were selected and composited. Results showed that the predictability of this case was largely determined by the simulated strengths of the cold-front circulation(i.e., trough and ridge and the associated surface high). The bad-performing members tended to have a weaker ridge behind a stronger trough, and associated higher pressure over land and a weaker surface high over the sea, leading to an adverse impact on strength and direction of steering flows that inhibit warm moist advection and enhance cold dry advection transported to the focus region. Associated with this cold dry advection, adverse synoptic conditions of stratification and moisture for fog formation were produced, consequently causing failure of fog forecasting in the focus region. This study highlights the importance of accurate synoptic-scale information for improved CFSP fog forecasting, and enhances understanding of fog predictability from perspective of synoptic-scale circulation.     

Predictability of Chinese Summer Extreme Rainfall Based on Arctic Sea Ice and Tropical Sea Surface Temperature

Chinese summer extreme rainfall often brings huge economic losses, so the prediction of summer extreme rainfall is necessary. This study focuses on the predictability of the leading mode of Chinese summer extreme rainfall from empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis. The predictors used in this study are Arctic sea ice concentration(ASIC) and regional sea surface temperature(SST) in selected optimal time periods. The most important role that Arctic sea ice(ASI) plays in the appearance of EOF1 may be strengthening the high pressure over North China, thereby preventing water vapor from going north. The contribution of SST is mainly at low latitudes and characterized by a significant cyclone anomaly over South China. The forecast models using predictor ASIC(PA), SST(PS), and the two together(PAS) are established by using data from 1980 to 2004. An independent forecast is made for the last 11 years(2005-2015). The correlation coefficient(COR) skills between the observed and cross-validation reforecast principal components(PC) of the PA, PS, and PAS models are 0.47, 0.66, and 0.76, respectively. These values indicate that SST is a major cause of Chinese summer extreme rainfall during 1980-2004. The COR skill of the PA model during the independent forecast period of 2004-2015 is 0.7, which is significantly higher than those of the PS and PAS models. Thus, the main factor influencing Chinese summer extreme rainfall in recent years has changed from low latitudes to high latitudes. The impact of ASI on Chinese summer extreme rainfall is becoming increasingly significant.     

WorldView-2近红外光谱波段反演马尾松植被信息的比较研究

WorldView-2卫星自2009年发射至今,已为用户提供了大量高性能的影像产品。与众多高分辨率卫星影像不同,WorldView-2有2个近红外波段,即近红外1(Near-infrared1,NIR1)和近红外2(Near-infrared2,NIR2),但目前这2个波段在应用上的区别并不清楚。因此,本文以福建省长汀县河田地区的马尾松林为例,采用NIR1和NIR2这2个近红外波段分别构建了3种植被指数(NDVI、ARVI和NDMVI),以探索二者在植被信息反演方面的差异。结果表明,NIR1构建的植被指数在马尾松林提取精度上高于NIR2,并具有更丰富的植被信息量。经统计可知,NIR1所构建的植被指数信息量比NIR2分别大8.0%(NDVI)、12.3%(ARVI)和7.3%(NDMVI);在反演植被覆盖度方面,NIR1也比NIR2具有更高的精度,其模拟的植被覆盖度与实际植被覆盖度的拟合度更高,误差更小。NIR1和NIR2所表现出的差异是因为马尾松在这2个近红外波段的光谱反射不同,其反射在NIR1的波长范围内达到最强,而在NIR2的波长范围内则出现了小幅下降。     

柴达木盆地西部典型油田原油地球化学特征对比

利用色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析技术,系统剖析了柴达木盆地西部南区尕斯库勒、油砂山油田(A区)与北区南翼山、油泉子油田(B区)原油的生物标志化合物组成和分布特征,探讨了A区和B区原油的成因差异及其地质影响因素.结果表明:A区部分浅层原油正构烷烃碳数分布不完整,具有异常高的姥鲛烷(Pr)与n-C17峰面积比值和植烷(Ph)与n-C18峰面积比值,说明A区浅层油藏保存条件较差,部分原油遭受了轻微生物降解;A区和B区原油中甾藿比均大于2.4,且甾烷C27R与甾烷C29R峰面积比值多大于1,指示这2个区域原油母质来源都以浮游藻类为主,但B区原油中甾烷C27R与甾烷C29R峰面积比值和补身烷系列相对含量普遍高于A区,表明B区原油浮游藻类和细菌生源贡献可能相对较高;所有原油都具有低姥植比、高伽马蜡烷含量的特点,且都检测出一定丰度的β-胡萝卜烷,说明生成原油的烃源岩形成于强还原咸水沉积环境,但A区原油中姥植比、伽马蜡烷指数以及 β-胡萝卜烷与C30藿烷峰面积比值明显高于B区,且升藿烷系列呈“翘尾巴”分布模式,而B区原油则没有这种现象,揭示生成A区原油的烃源岩沉积水体盐度更高、还原性更强;甾烷异构体比值(C2920S/(20S+ 20R)值和C29ββ/(ββ+αα)值)表明A区均为低熟原油,而B区多为成熟原油.结合柴达木盆地西部第三纪湖盆沉积和构造演化史,认为南区与北区烃源岩沉积相带的不同空间展布情况是造成A区与B区原油地球化学特征差异的根本原因.     

Evolution Characteristics of Government-Industry-University-Research Cooperative Innovation Network for China’s Agriculture and Influencing Factors: Illustrated According to Agricultural Patent Case

Under the special background of China, the cooperative innovation between different government-industry-university-research institutes plays an increasingly important role in the agricultural field. However, the existing literature has paid little attention to it. Considering the cooperation patents, published in the agriculture field stemming from the Full-text Database of China Patents as the study object, the spatial and institutional attribute of the authors as the data source, and by combining the social network and spatial econometrics analysis, this paper analyzes the structure evolution characteristics of cooperative innovation networks of agricultural government-industry-university-research institute in the city level of China in 1985–2014, based on the triple helix theory, with the influence factors discussed. This shows that, 1) since 1985, China's agricultural innovation level has been substantially increased, but the development degree of the cooperative innovation network is low, and the patent cooperation mainly relies on authors in the same unit; 2) enterprises play a leading role in the agricultural cooperative innovation. The effect of the government and hybrid organizations driven by the government is not obvious; 3) the cooperative innovation in the province and city dominates, and a multi-pole pattern has been formed. The cooperative innovation network structure evolves from a single helix empty core and double helix multi core to a double helix hierarchical network; 4) the city's science, education funding and personnel investment are key factors determining the agricultural cooperative innovation, while the agricultural development of the city presents slight negative impacts on it. The spatial mismatch of supply and demand is present in the technical cooperative innovation of China's agriculture. Therefore, the science enhancement and education investment to big agricultural provinces should be promptly implemented.     

常用剂量氟苯尼考在罗非鱼肝脏和肾脏中的消除规律及组织学影响

在水温28℃条件下,以12 mg/kg剂量对罗非鱼单次口服给药,采用HPLC方法测定不同时间实验鱼肝脏和肾脏中的药物水平,分析氟苯尼考在罗非鱼肝、肾组织的吸收及消除规律。结果显示,肝脏和肾脏中的药动学参数均符合药动学一室模型,肝脏的药物消除速度快于肾脏,消除半衰期T1/2β分别为4.89 h和15.93 h;药物在肝脏的Tmax为5.43 h,吸收峰值为4.84μg/g;59 h后肝、肾组织中的药物含量均低于0.8μg/g。取12 mg/kg剂量连续给药7 d的实验鱼肝、肾组织,进行组织学观察,结果显示,给药组罗非鱼的肝、肾组织均未出现病理性变化。此外,氟苯尼考对6株罗非鱼常见病原菌的体外抑菌实验中,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)均≤4 mg/L,表明常用剂量氟苯尼考在罗非鱼体内消除快、残留少且不造成组织损伤,对常见病原菌具有良好的抑菌效果。     

Mapping of Regional Soil Salinities in Xinjiang and Strategies for Amelioration and Management

Information on the spatial distribution of soil salinity can be used as guidance in avoiding the continued degradation of land and water resources by better informing policy makers. However, most regional soil-salinity maps are produced through a conventional direct-linking method derived from historic observations. Such maps lack spatial details and are limited in describing the evolution of soil salinization in particular instances. To overcome these limitations, we employed a method that included an integrative hierarchical-sampling strategy(IHSS) and the Soil Land Inference Model(So LIM) to map soil salinity over a regional area. A fuzzy c-means(FCM) classifier is performed to generate three measures, comprising representative grade, representative area, and representative level(membership). IHSS employs these three measures to ascertain how many representative samples are appropriate. Through this synergetic assessment, representative samples are obtained and their soil-salinity values are measured. These samples are input to So LIM, which is constructed based on fuzzy logic, to calculate the soil-forming environmental similarities between representative samples and other locations. Finally, a detailed soil-salinity map is produced through an averaging function that is linearly weighted, which is used to integrate the soil salinity value and soil similarity. This case study, in the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang of China, demonstrates that the employed method can produce soil salinity map at a higher level of spatial detail and accuracy. Twenty-three representative points are determined. The results show that 1) the prediction is appropriate in Kuqa Oasis(R2 = 0.70, RPD = 1.55, RMSE = 12.86) and Keriya Oasis(R2 = 0.75, RPD = 1.66, RMSE = 10.92), that in Fubei Oasis(R2 = 0.77, RPD = 2.01, RMSE = 6.32) perform little better than in those two oases, according to the evaluation criterion. 2) Based on all validation samples from three oases, accuracy estimation show the employed method(R2 = 0.74, RPD = 1.67, RMSE = 11.18) performed better than the multiple linear regression model(R2 = 0.60, RPD = 1.47, RMSE = 14.45). 3) The statistical result show that approximately half(48.07%) of the study area has changed to salt-affected soil, mainly distributed in downstream of oases, around lakes, on both sides of rivers and more serious in the southern than the northern Xinjiang. To deal with this issue, a couple of strategies involving soil-salinity monitoring, water management, and plant diversification are proposed, to reduce soil salinization. Finally, this study concludes that the employed method can serve as an alternative model for soil-salinity mapping on a large scale.     

山东省地下水环境演化规律

地下水环境演化是地下水系统在自然因素和人为因素影响下,发生在地质环境空间内质与量的变化过程和结果。在自然因素中地理、地质等条件可视为基本不变,最主要的是气候条件的变化,而大气降水又是气候条件中最为活跃的因子,其余如温度、风速虽也影响水分的蒸发,但年际变化不如降水大,故以狭义的降水来代表广义的气候条件。人类工程活动因素则主要是抽取地下水和污染物排放,这些因素的变化最终导致的是地下水动力场和化学场的变化。人类工程活动主要是抽取地下水和污染物排放,这些因素变化最终导致的是地下水动力场和化学场的变化。基于这一观点,以1978年为基准年,通过地下水动力场和化学场演化研究结果,采用"地下水环境演化综合指数法",对全省地下水环境演化程度进行综合评价,划分出"优向演化区、波动平衡区、劣向演化区",是对近30多年来人类工程活动影响下,山东省地下水环境演化规律的系统总结。     

一致性哈希算法在数据库集群上的拓展应用

在数据库集群的研究中,可扩展性是一个重要的性能指标.为实现在数据高速增长或部分集群服务器故障情况下,数据依然能够快速、可靠、安全的分布到新的集群服务器节点上的目的,就必须合理设置数据划分的策略.将Key-Value存储技术中使用的一致性哈希算法思想借鉴运用到并行分析型数据库集群中,提出针对大规模结构化类特殊数据的一致性哈希划分方法,并在MapReduce框架下设计具体的数据划分方案.最后,以TPC-DS作为测试基准,与同类系统进行性能对比测试,实验结果表明方案不仅有良好的划分性能,且扩展性也较好.