Quartz-Ferberite Oxygen Isotope Geothermometer and Its Geological Applications

Experiments for oxygen isotope exchange between ferberite and water were carried out and the followingequation on oxygen isotope fractionation between ferberite and water against temperature was obtained:Combining this equation with the equation of Clayton et al. (1972) on oxygen isotope fractionation be-tween quartz and water, an equation on oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and ferberite was ob-tained:The Bigeleison-Mayer function method was used to calculate the oxygen isotope fractionation betweenquartz and ferberite. The theoretical curve obtained agrees with the experimental calibration results quite wellin the temperature range of study.The above calibrated equation has been used in 5 world famous tungsten deposits to determine their tem-peratures of formation. The results show that the temperature range for an idividual deposit determined by thisgeothermometer agrees with those obtained from fluid inclusion determination and other isotopegeothermometers.     

1:25万斯诺乌山幅、狮泉河幅地质调查成果与进展

地层方面,在测区札达陆块厘定出念青唐古拉岩群;在措勤-申扎地层分区发现坚扎弄组在测区的存在,新建淌那勒组;将则弄群火山岩解体;根据化石,则弄群弧火山岩的形成时间为早白垩世;确认狮泉河蛇混岩带的形成时间是晚侏罗世—早白垩世;将才里群解体。岩石方面,在测区不同时代地层中发现火山岩系,填绘出了一系列火山机构;将中新生代深成侵入岩划分为拉轨岗日花岗岩带和冈底斯花岗岩带两个岩浆带;发现浆混岩系。构造方面,发现雅鲁藏布江结合带南北支在图区的存在;证实狮泉河带内存在洋脊蛇绿岩套,狮泉河带存在俯冲;确认班-怒带的南支向北与狮泉河带斜接。     

1:25万帕度错幅、昂达尔错幅成果与进展

新建9个正式岩石地层单位、4个非正式地层单位;将上三叠统日干配错群解体为6个岩石地层单元;解体中上侏罗统雁石坪群;将色哇组分为三段;将班公湖-怒江带木嘎岗日群解体为4个岩石地层单元;在西藏首次发现(上三叠统姜钟组)纳拉菁耳羽叶;在羌塘盆地首次发现(下—中侏罗统色哇组)辐鳍鱼类化石;新建8个侵入岩填图单位,时代为晚侏罗世—新近纪末期;在班-怒结合带塔仁本一带首次发现了洋岛型玄武岩;新发现了一系列新生代岩浆岩;在班-怒带及南羌塘盆地中发现一些呈串珠状分布的小型斑岩体;发现班-怒带上时代最新的枕状玄武岩。     

1:25万毕节县幅、遵义市幅地质调查成果与进展

在毕节青场桐梓组顶部至石炭系中发现有大量的暴露构造现象;发现毕节地区中二叠世茅口期存在两条走向北北东、宽10~50km的“黑区带”;在威信县城第四系中发现大量象牙、牙齿及骨骼化石;在凤冈琊川、遵义茅坡及威信鱼井等新发现多个志留纪植物化石;对黔中隆起进行了研究。     

Adsorbed silica in stalagmite carbonate and its relationship to past rainfall

Despite considerable work on other trace elements, the incorporation of dissolved silicon from cave waters into speleothems has not been previously investigated. In this study, the controls on dissolved Si in cave waters and on adsorbed Si in resulting speleothems are therefore investigated. Bedrock (dolomite), soil water, dripping water, and cave carbonates were retrieved from Heshang Cave situated in the central Yangtze valley of China and were subjected to analysis of dissolved Si content (plus accompanying Ca and Fe analyses). Soil waters have Si/Ca of 45.5 mmol/mol, compared to only 3.2 mmol/mol in the dolomite bedrock, demonstrating that >80% of the dissolved Si must come from dissolution of silicate minerals in the soil. Drip waters have a dissolved Si concentration of ≈4.2 μg/mL, similar to that in the overlying soil water. Actively growing cave carbonates have a Si/Ca of 0.075 mmol/mol suggesting a partition coefficient for incorporation of dissolved silicon of 0.0014, in good agreement with previous laboratory studies. Extrapolating the results of these laboratory studies to the cave environment suggests that changes in Si/Ca in cave carbonates are likely to be primarily controlled by changes in drip-water Si/Ca. The drip-water Si/Ca will, in turn, be controlled by the rate of wind-blown silicate supply; by soil weathering rates; by rainfall dilution; and by precipitation of calcite. The general expectation is that these effects combine to produce high Si/Ca in speleothems during times of low rainfall. A δ¹⁸O record from a Heshang Cave stalagmite which grew between 20 and 11 thousand years ago allows these controls to be tested. Correlation of high Si/Ca with high δ¹⁸O demonstrates that regional rainfall exerts significant (but not complete) control on speleothem Si/Ca. With further understanding, speleothem Si/Ca may provide a proxy for past rainfall to complement existing proxies such as δ¹⁸O and Mg/Ca.     

Hydrocarbon Generating Potential of Mineral—Bituminous Matrix in Source Rocks

Mineral-bituminous matrix(MBM) makes up a major part of source rocks,but its potential in hydrocarbon generation is uncertain,Mineral and organic (Maceral and kerogen) compositions,organic maturity and fluorescence of MBM are studied based on source rock samples from eastern Jiuquan(Jiudong)Basin.The results show that MBM is dominated by inorganic minerals and among the small percentage of organic components those of secondary origins are predominant over the primary species.This strongly indicates that the significance of MBM in hydrocarbon generation is limited.     

The introduction of neural network system and its applications in rock engineering

The neural network system has been developing very fast recently. It has been widely used in many industries such as automation, nuclear power plant, chemical industry, etc. Neural network systems have a great advantage in dealing with problems in which many factors influence the process and result, and the understanding of this process is poor, and there are experimental data or field data. In rock engineering, many problems are of this nature. In this paper, a brief introduction to neural network systems is given. Problems such as what is a neural network, how it works and what kind of advantages it has are discussed. After this, several applications in rock engineering, made by us, are presented. Case 1 is ore boundary delineation. In this case, the rock are divided into three classes, i.e.: (1) waste rock; (2) semi-ore; and (3) ore for mining purposes. The neural network system built can judge whether it is ore, semi-ore or waste rock along the borehole according its corresponding geophysical logging data, such as gamma-ray, gamma-gamma, neutron and resistivity. Case 2 is aggregate quality prediction. In this case, the quality parameters: (1) impact value; (2) abrasion value I; and (3) abrasion value II are predicted by using a neural network system based on density, point load, content of quarts and content of brittle minerals. Case 3 is rock indentation depth prediction. In this case, the rock indentation depth under indentation load is predicted by the established neural network system based on the indentation load on rock, indenter type and rock mechanical properties, such as uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus. Poisson's ratio, critical energy release rate and density. In all these cases, the neural network systems have been applied successfully. The testing results are satisfactory and better than the existing techniques.     

用窗口法估计不连续面的连通率

基于不连续面与窗口交切的必需而充分的条件,推导了不连续面迹长、间断长和不连续面连通率的估算公式,通过实例验证了该公式的正确性。     

高放废物处置库预选场地地学信息库的建立

本文以高放废物处置库预选场地甘肃北山玉门镇地学信息库的建立为例,详细阐述了地理信息系统在高放废物地质处置中的应用,并在此基础上分析了其应用前景,为不同层次的管理、科研人员提供了全新思路;介绍了将地理信息系统技术引入图件和资料管理的优点。     

软岩地区钻孔嵌岩灌注桩承载力确定的探讨

单桩承载力的确定,在桩基础的设计中占有重要地位。但在软岩地区由于地层岩性的不同,单桩承载力的实际工作性状与国家规范的规定之间不尽相同。根据实测资料对软岩地区的单桩承载力的确定方法进行探讨,综合考虑嵌岩段侧阻力与端阻力之间的相互协调对嵌岩段所能提供的承载力的影响,提出一种新的计算方法,并结合工程实例,进行验证。