南黄海盆地海相中—古生界地震探测技术攻关历程及效果

南黄海盆地是迄今为止中国近海唯一未发现油气田的大型沉积盆地,具有陆相中—新生界和海相中—古生界2套油气勘探层系。海相中—古生界厚度大、分布广,地震资料成像品质差一直是制约其油气勘探的关键问题。针对中—古生界的地震探测技术攻关经历了地震地质研究、技术攻关和技术突破与应用3个阶段。在第1阶段工作的基础上,以区内地震地质条件与岩石物性分析为先导,以物探船不断更新和地震仪器设备升级换代为手段,以大量理论模拟、针对性室内物理模拟和持续海上试验为方法,通过采集参数不断优化,最终形成了以“高覆盖次数、富低频信号、强震源能量”为特征的“高富强”地震探测技术,突破了技术瓶颈。应用该技术,在原来为空白反射的崂山隆起发现了海相中—古生界3套可连续追踪对比的地震反射标志层组,识别出7个反射界面,建立了地层层序,揭示了残留盆地构造特征,预测了油气远景区,优选出高石稳定带为有利区带,圈定了重点构造,锁定了钻探目标,为南黄海盆地新层系油气勘查突破创造了条件,为下一步勘探指明了方向。“高富强”地震探测技术对拓展中国海域找油空间、加快海域深部油气资源勘探和开发利用具有重要意义,对全球具有类似地震地质条件海域的油气勘探具有实际应用价值。     

南沙深水区第四纪生物地层学研究

根据南沙深水区17957和17959两柱状样多门类的生物事件研究,发现9个生物事件。其中放射虫事件6个,有孔虫事件2个,钙质超微化石事件1个。这些生物事件直接与氧同位素和古地磁资料对比所得的年龄,与赤道太平洋和印度洋的年龄均相对应。这是中国海深海区第四纪地层第一次多门类的生物地层学研究,将为南海第四纪古海洋学研究提供重要的地层学基础。这两个柱状样沉积速率的计算结果表明,该海区为南海最低沉积速率区（1.0～19cm/103a）。     

水体营养物及其响应指标基准制定过程中建立参照状态的方法——以典型浅水湖泊太湖为例

建立参照状态是水体营养物及其响应指标基准制订的关键性工作,建立参照状态的方法主要有时间参考状态法、空间参考状态法、频率法、沉积物历史反演法和预测或外推模型法等,以我国东部湖区典型水体太湖为例,主要应用频率分析法建立了太湖营养物总氮、总磷及响应指标叶绿素a、塞氏深度基准的参照状态,并用时间参考状态法和沉积物历史反演法进行了总氮和总磷参照状态值的验证,综合研究分析显示太湖营养物总磷、总氮的参照状态值应为0.03mg/L、0.6mg/L;响应指标叶绿素a、塞氏深度的参照状态值应为0.004mg/L、0.70m.研究结果旨在为我国水体营养物及其响应指标基准、标准的研究与制订以及我国水体富营养化的控制提供理论和方法借鉴.     

东平湖水体透明度的遥感反演研究

针对传统水体透明度测量方法不仅耗时费力,而且在时间和空间的监测中也会受到很大的限制,只能了解研究区域内点状剖面的透明度状况,但是遥感技术的发展为解决传统采样方法的局限性问题提供了可能。该文在分析内陆湖泊水体光学特征的基础上,利用三期Landsat8 OLI影像数据及准同期的地面实测数据,寻找与东平湖水体透明度敏感的波段,对东平湖丰、平、枯水期水体透明度的进行遥感反演研究。结果表明,OLI影像B3、B4波段的反射率与实测的透明度数据之间具有良好的相关关系,并以此为基础建立了该区域水体透明度遥感反演模型。结果表明:模拟值与实测值的总体相对误差为19.77%,均方根误差为19.35cm,模型精度在可以接受的范围之内;由于受围网养殖、叶绿素a含量等因素的影响,东平湖透明度总体呈现出南低北高的分布趋势。据此绘制了东平湖丰、平、枯水期水体透明度分布图。     

工具种轮叶黑藻的组织培养与快速繁殖

利用组织培养技术对工具种轮叶黑藻进行快繁研究,建立无菌体系后,在0.5和l倍MS培养液中添加0.5-2mg/L BA及O.1-0.2mg/L IAA进行芽诱导;在0.25、0.5和l倍MS培养液中添加0.1-0.2mg/L LAA进行根诱导.结果发现,1倍MS lmg/LBA 0.1mg/LIAA培养基获得最大芽数及芽生物量,最适合芽诱导;0.5倍Ms O.1mg,LIAA或l倍MS 0.2mg,LIAA培养基最能促进根的发展.芽增殖使轮叶黑藻繁殖效率达每季度1800倍以上;再经根诱导,快速形成完整植株,提高定居能力.在室外水体中以两种密度(100株/m2,320株/m2),三种底质(沙,泥,泥 沙(1:1V/V))上进行移栽,成活率100%.21d后,高密度群落覆盖度大于70%.表明该技术不仅可在短期内获得大量种苗,且种质优,为沉水植被恢复工程奠定关键的基础.     

Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs in surficial sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, China

Spatial distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, especially the North Branch, have been fully investigated. PAH concentrations increased with the descending distance from the inner estuary to the adjacent sea, and varied significantly in various estuarine regions. Water currents (e.g., river runoff and ocean current) greatly affected the distribution pattern. In addition, ambient sewage and traffic also contributed to the PAH pollution in the estuary. In the adjacent sea, PAH values along the -20m isobath were higher than those along the -10m isobath due to the "marginal filter" phenomenon formed by different water currents. In most sites, PAHs had poor correlations with sediment size, but had positive correlations with total organic carbon. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis results, PAH sources were proved to be mainly from a mixture of petroleum combustion, biomass, and coal combustion.     

Relationships between bacterial-algal proliferating and mass extinction in the Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian transition: Enlightening from carbon isotopes and molecular fossils

The five major mass extinctions which occurred in the transition of the Ordovician-Silurian (440 Ma), Late Devonian Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) (370 Ma), Permian-Triassic (250 Ma), Triassic-Jurassic (205 Ma) and Cretaceous-Paleogene (65 Ma) are significant phenomena in the Phanerozoic global environment and organic evolution. Their corresponding extinction rates of marine invertebrate at the level of genus and family are 60% (genus) and 26% (family), 57% and 22%, 82% and 51%, 53% and 22%, …     

定量模拟分析船体与空气枪间的安全距离

海洋地震勘探过程中,水中放置的空气枪与船体之间须保持一定安全距离,否则引起船载设施和仪器剧烈抖动,影响船舶设施和仪器的安全运行,甚至更严重情况下,有可能造成船体的损坏.利用海水压力脉冲与船体受到的冲击压力关系,结合建立的空气枪震源子波模型模拟近场震源子波,可计算出船体与空气枪间的安全距离.研究结果表明,根据震源子波模型模拟的近场子波主峰值,总容量150in3G枪、300 in3相干G枪及760 in3相干G枪的安全距离分别为3.90、6.57 m和9.13 m.由此可知,空气枪与船体间距离只有大于安全距离,才能避免船体大的振动或设备免遭损害,保证海洋地震勘探有效、安全的进行.     

A method of making deepwater shallow sediments considering their rehological properties

Abstract

In this article, based on the rheological consolidation model of deepwater shallow sediments, the artificial samples were made in laboratory. The feasibility of artificial samples was verified by electron microscopy scanning and triaxial experiments. Deepwater shallow sediments consolidation models mainly considers two points: (i) the change of permeability with time and temperature and (ii) the effect of rheology. The consolidation experiment of deepwater shallow sediments verifies the correctness of the model. It can be found that, the artificial and natural samples have the same physical and mechanical properties. And the physical properties of natural samples can be obtained by rheological consolidation model of deepwater shallow sediments.     

Correction for effects of temperature and pressure on sound speed in shallow seafloor sediments

Abstract

Three types of sediments were selected to measure their sound speed under changing temperature and pressure conditions in laboratory. The effects of temperature and pressure on sound speed in sediments and their trends were analyzed. The results showed that, with increasing temperature and pressure, the sound speed exhibits an increasing trend in all selected sediments. For each sample, the ratio of the sound speed in sediments to that in seawater almost remained unchanged at different pressures and temperatures, with a maximum fluctuation of 1.09% for temperature dependence and 0.68% pressure dependence. Combining the analysis of experimental results and sound speed correction procedure given by Hamilton, specific correction formulas of sound speed for temperature and pressure were presented. The laboratory-measured sound speed in the experiment and the sound speed obtained in the South Yellow Sea were corrected to reduce the effects of temperature and pressure using the correction formulas. The results show that the correction formulas with constant sound speed ratio are effective for correcting the sound speed measurement errors caused by changes in temperature and pressure. As a further consideration, the effects of the fluctuation of sound speed ratio on sound speed correction were analyzed.