Trace metal and As solid-phase speciation in sulphide mine tailings – Indicators of spatial distribution of sulphide oxidation in active tailings impoundments

Redistribution of potentially harmful metals and As was studied based on selective extractions in two active sulphide mine tailings impoundments in Finland. The Hitura tailings area contains residue from Ni ore processing, while the Luikonlahti site includes tailings from the processing of Cu–Co–Zn–Ni and talc ores. To characterize the element solid-phase speciation with respect to sulphide oxidation intensity and the water saturation level of the tailings, drill cores were collected from border zones and mid-impoundment locations. The mobility and solid-phase fractionation of Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ca, Al, As, and S were analysed using a 5-step non-sequential (parallel) selective extraction procedure. The results indicated that metal redistribution and sulphide oxidation intensity were largely controlled by the disposal history and strategy of the tailings (sorting, exposure of sulphides due to delayed burial), impoundment structure and water table, and reactivity of the tailings. Metal redistribution suggested sulphide weathering in the tailings surface, but also in unsaturated proximal areas beside the earthen dams, and in water-saturated bottom layers, where O₂-rich infiltration is possible. Sulphide oxidation released trace metals from sulphide minerals at both locations. In the Hitura tailings, with sufficient buffering capacity, pH remained neutral and the mobilized metals were retained by secondary Fe precipitates deeper in the oxidized zone. In contrast, sulphide oxidation-induced acidity and rise in the water table after oxidation apparently remobilized the previously retained metals in Luikonlahti. In general, continuous disposal of tailings decreased the sulphide oxidation intensity in active tailings, unless there was a delay in burial and the reactive tailings were unsaturated after deposition.     

Largest Toothed Pterosaur Skull from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning,China, with Comments on the Family Boreopteridae

A new pterosaur Moganopterus zhuiana gen. et sp. nov. is erected based on a complete skull with lower jaws and anterior cervical vertebrae. It is characterized by much elongated upper and lower jaws with at least 62 total, long, curved teeth with sharp tips, a well developed parietal crest extending posterodorsally, forming an angle of 15 degrees with the ventral margin of the skull, the ratio of length to width of cervical vertebrae greater than 5:1. The skull length is 750 mm, and it is the largest toothed pterosaur found so far in the world. Based on this new pterosaur, the Boreopteridae can be divided into two subgroups: Boreopterinae sub-fam. nov. and Moganopterinae sub-fam. nov., which is also confirmed by the phylogenetic analysis.     

地气法－找深部金矿的新方法

介绍一种八十年代发展起来的找深部金矿的新方法一地气法。文中讨论了地气法的找矿机理，认为是地壳中上升气流将成矿元素微粒携带至地表而造成多元素异常。对工作方法着重讨论了地气采样与测试的系统，以及比较了积累式取样的效果。最后列出山东招远地区大尹格庄金矿８０号勘探线的地气测量多元素异常图。     

Stabilization of clayey soils with Tunisian phosphogypsum: effect on geotechnical properties

Phosphogypsum and cement have been reported to improve the physicochemical properties of clayey soils. The present study aimed to investigate the behavior of various soils with different particle sizes and chemical and mineralogical compositions in the presence of phosphogypsum and cement mixed at various proportions. These hydraulic binders were assayed on three different soil samples, and their effects were examined using a battery of standardized tests, including the Atterberg limit, uniaxial compressive strength, Californian Bearing Rate (CBR) test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microstructure observation (SEM), and X-ray diffraction tests. The results revealed a significant effect associated with the variation of phosphogypsum content in the soils. Keeping the cement content constant in the mixture, the continuous addition of phosphogypsum was noted to allow shifting the domain of plasticity to the highest water contents, which reduces the sensitivity of the soil to water and to increase the strength of soil. An increase of CBR index with the addition of phosphogypsum and cement is obtained. This treatment could have positively influenced the optimum moisture content and the maximal dry density. The mixture of soil-phosphogypsum and cement could give new forms such as ettringite and hydrate indicators of the improvement of the mechanical properties of the soil. This improvement varies from one soil to another, depending on its granularity and its mineralogy. The mineralogical composition of the soil, particularly kaolinite, amount, and size grading, have direct effects on the physical and mechanical properties of the soils under investigation.     

数字地质调查系统中空间数据库建库流程 关键技术的解决方案

空间数据库建库流程是数字地质调查系统总体技术流程的一个重要组成部分。针对地质人员实际工作量等方面的几个关键技术问题提出了详细的解决方案．并在数字地质调查系统的软件系统中以辅助建库工具、辅助检查工具、数据检索工具的形式加以实现。为建库提供了技术保障,保证了数据的质量,有效地提高了地质人员对地质调查系统的应用能力和建库的效率。     

Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Sixteen Silicate Reference Samples by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Using Conventional Energy Filtering Technique*

Rare earth elements were determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry for 13 silicate rock samples, ranging from ultramafic-mafic to acidic compositions, 2 feldspar and 1 biotite separates. As a whole, the investigated samples are characterized by matrices and rare earth elements spectra covering most geological applications. The present data are compared with reference values. The advantage of using secondary ion mass spectrometry as a fundamental tool for trace element detection in bulk samples in the few ppm-ppb region is demonstrated.     

不同平均时间对LOPEX10资料涡动相关湍流通量计算结果影响的探讨

通过处理涡动相关系统观测的近地层湍流脉动量可以获取地—气间感热和潜热通量,然而选择不同平均时间对通量计算的结果有较大影响。采用黄土高原陆面过程野外观测试验(LOPEX10)期间获得的涡动相关系统观测资料,分析了不同平均时间对湍流通量计算的影响,并采用雷诺平均和分解方法推导了平均时间引起的通量差值的数学表达式(Flux Compensation,FC)。结果表明:(1)FC公式可以说明采用不同平均时间数据之间的关系,也可以直接计算低频涡旋对湍流通量的贡献。FC公式计算的结果与直接计算的不同平均时间通量计算之差的相关系数在0.95以上,并可以确定计算湍流通量的最佳平均时间。(2)通过采用Ogive函数确定了计算LOPEX10期间通量的最佳平均时间长度为30min,印证了利用雷诺平均和分解方法计算湍流通量补偿的准确性。(3)通过进一步的数学变换,证明了平均时间对湍流通量计算的影响直接与湍流低频变化相关,FC公式可以用来确定涡动相关观测数据的最佳平均时间,并且在获得较高时间分辨率的湍流通量数据的同时,补偿因平均时间过短而遗漏的低频信息。     

山峰加热效应的数值试验研究

已有的资料分析和理论研究表明,山峰加热效应是形成冬季兰州市白天脱地逆温的主要原因。本文利用中尺度数值模式MM5,从数值试验角度研究了兰州市白天温度场和环流场的结构特征。模拟结果表明:冬季,白天日出后的皋兰山峰相对于周围空气是一个热源,在环流场的配合下,皋兰山峰的暖空气向市区上空输送,与河谷温度较低的冷空气形成了白天的脱地逆温;理想"削山"试验的结果表明,山峰海拔越高的山体,加热效应越明显,山谷城市的大气逆温强度和稳定度随着山峰海拔高度的降低而减小。数值试验结果进一步验证和补充了观测和理论分析的结论。     

Atmospheric boundary-layer measurements of concentration statistics from isolated and multiple sources

Atmospheric tracer dispersion experiments have been carried out to measure the statistical characteristics (variance, frequency distribution, spectrum) of the concentration downwind of a pair of partly overlapping plumes. By releasing different tracer substances from each source, it was possible to identify the contributions of the two sources at a given measurement point, both separately and jointly, and thus to compare and interpret the joint statistics in terms of those from the individual sources.Statistics for the individual sources agree well with, and support, existing wind tunnel and theoretical results. Nondimensionalization of the data using the mean concentration and the lateral width of the plume as concentration and length scales successfully removes much of the variation due to changes in atmospheric and surface conditions.Measurements of the correlation between the concentration contributions from separated sources are consistent with recent wind tunnel measurements. Entirely new measurements of the frequency distribution of the combined concentration from a pair of sources show that in many situations, high concentrations relative to the mean occur much less frequently than for an isolated source. Generally the extent of the reduction in frequency of occurrence is inversely related to the degree of correlation between concentrations from the two sources.