用雨量和雨强计算次降雨侵蚀力

降雨侵蚀力反映由降雨引起土壤侵蚀的潜在能力 ,是定量预报土壤流失的重要因子。降雨动能与最大 30min雨强的乘积EI30 是最常用的降雨侵蚀力指标 ,但计算复杂 ,且资料难以获得。本文从利用易获取的气象资料计算降雨侵蚀力出发 ,通过对全国 13个代表性小区侵蚀资料和 12个气象站降雨资料的分析 ,确定我国降雨侵蚀力指标为雨量和最大 10min雨强的乘积PI10 ,其精度与常用的侵蚀力指标EI30 相当。为方便对比分析并统一单位 ,进一步建立了指标PI10 与EI30 的转换关系 :(EI30 ) =0 1773(PI10 )。这样可充分利用覆盖全国的气象站整编资料 ,计算全国降雨侵蚀力 ,为水土保持规划服务     

Relationship between land cover and monsoon interannual variations in east Asia

Asian monsoon have multiple forms of variations such as seasonal variation, intra-seasonal variation, interannual variation, etc. The interannual variations have not only yearly variations but also variations among several years. In general, the yearly variations are described with winter temperature and summer precipitation, and the variations among several years are reflected by circulation of ENSO events. In this study, at first, we analyze the relationship between land cover and interannual monsoon variations represented by precipitation changes using Singular Value Decomposition method based on the time series precipitation data and 8km NOAA AVHRR NDVI data covering 1982 to 1993 in east Asia. Furthermore, after confirmation and reclassification of ENSO events which are recognized as the strong signal of several year monsoon variation, using the same time series NDVI data during 1982 to 1993 in east Asia, we make a Principle Component Analysis and analyzed the correlation of the 7th component eigenvectors and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) that indicates the characteristic of ENSO events, and summed up the temporal-spatial distribution features of east Asian land cover’s inter-annual variations that are being driven by changes of ENSO events.     

东亚土地覆盖动态与季风气侯年际变化的关系

以东亚地区 １９８２～１９８９年时间序列降水资料及 ＡＶＨＲＲ ８ ｋｍ ＮＤＶＩ数据为基本数据源，应用地理信息系统技术，分别研究了东亚地区夏季（５－９月）降水及土地覆盖的年际变化，并揭示了研究时间段内各自的变化规律。进一步用奇异值分解（ＳＶＤ）模型方法分析了以降水变化为表征的东亚地区气候年际变化与土地覆盖年际变化之间的关系。     

平原河网区水利工程调控下水文连通变化

在水利工程建设及其人为调度的影响下,平原河网水系连通程度发生了巨大变化。为此,针对平原河网区水文连通难以模拟的问题,在现有水系结构连通的基础上,将水利工程的运行纳入水文连通的评价体系,提出一种适用于平原河网区水利工程调控下的水文连通评价指数（SLCI）。该指数从水闸通过概率、水流分流能力及河网连通程度,从点—线—面分尺度逐步评价不同调度规则下汛期与非汛期水文连通的动态变化。并且,该指数以格网为评价单元,结合反映地理要素空间集聚性的Getis-Ord G_i^*指数,相比行政单元、水利片区等大尺度评价单元,能够更精细地描述水文连通空间上的分异性。太湖流域武澄锡虞区是一个典型的平原河网区,本指数在该区域进行了应用,得到以下结果：受到水闸调控的作用,武澄锡虞区非汛期时平均水文连通指数为0.66,汛期时平均水文连通指数则为0.50。另外,非汛期时水文连通集聚空间范围比汛期时高5%。其中,非汛期与汛期连通高值区SLCI值分别为0.93与0.87,低值区SLCI值分别为0.25与0.16。本文提出的水文连通评价指数可为有关部门开展长三角地区水系建设工作提供理论支撑,也为开展人为调控下平原河网区水文连通评价提供新思路。     

灾区“自愈”思想初探及洪灾评估系统的构建

分析了灾区恢复过程与水体自净过程的相似性,提出了洪灾"自愈过程"概念,建立了灾区的三大"受力"系统:破坏力系统、自愈力系统和救助力系统,并通过效能平衡原理确立了三大受力的关系,采用灾后可持续发展指标体系解决了效能平衡的定量衡量问题,从而构建了完整的洪灾评估系统。系统中破坏力代表了洪水的破坏能力,自愈力代表了灾区自身抗洪救灾的能力,救助力代表了外界提供的帮助,所以该系统不仅分析了灾情,而且对灾区、对国家应当采取相应的抗洪救灾措施也进行了分析。算例分析表明,该系统具有结构完整、评估全面的特点,系统中的模型也具有地域性和时效性。同时该系统具有一定的泛化能力,对于其它类型的灾害评估决策也有一定的实用价值。     

Morphological Characteristics of （K, Na）-Rectorite from Zhongxiang Rectorite Deposit, Hubei, Central China

The morphological characteristics of the Zhongxiang (钟祥) rectorite have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The structural formula of the Zhongxiang rectorite is: interstratification of (K, Na)-mica and Ca-montmorillouite. SEM observations show that Zhongxiang rectorite occurs as platy and fold-shaped crystals, and mainly as extremely thin plates with thickness ranging from 0.4 to 0.05 μm and a smooth (001) surface. There are well-developed polygonal steps on the surfaces of some thick crystals, suggesting a layer-by-layer growth mechanism. AFM observations show a series of steps with a height of 2 nm on the platy particles, suggesting the stacking of 20 nm fundamental particles. Club-like or fiber-shaped halloysite is included in the platy crystals with their elongated dimension paralleling (001) of the platy crystals or crossing the (001) surface of the platy rectorite, indicating multi-stage crystallization and involvement of hydrothermal fluids. The Zhongxiang rectorite was generated by both layer-by-layer growth mechanism and dissolution and crystallization growth mechanism with multistages.     

A New Look at the Bistatic-to-Monostatic Conversion for Tandem SAR Image Formation

The bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, which are converted into equivalent monostatic data by proper preprocessing, can be processed by standard monostatic focusing algorithms. The dip moveout (DMO) approach, which is derived from seismic data processing, converts the bistatic data into equivalent monostatic data by a short time-domain Rocca's smile operator. A 2-D exact point-target (PT) reference spectrum is derived in this letter for tandem bistatic configuration. The geometry-based bistatic formulation is shown to be actually equivalent to Rocca's smile operator, although they are derived from the pure SAR and geophysics points of view, respectively. Moreover, the new PT spectrum can be extended to deal with azimuth-invariant bistatic SAR data. Interpretations on the equivalent monostatic range wavenumber are presented in this letter, which help understand the conversion from the radar signal processing viewpoint.      

网络地理信息系统发展趋势

随着网络技术的不断进步,网络地理信息系统已成为GIS领域中一个最新的发展方向,涌现了许多全新的概念和技术,为在互联网上发展三维的地理应用创造了大量的机会。本文介绍了目前这一领域技术的发展和取得的成果,并对这一领域的主要技术和未来的研究方向做了简要而全面的论述.     

锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系演化特征及其机制

以锡林郭勒牧区（9旗市）145个规模以上聚落为研究客体,采用全国5次（1964年、1982年、1990年、2000年、2010年）人口普查数据及2015年调查数据,运用GIS空间分析技术、空间统计技术等方法,对研究区聚落体系的结构形态、规模等级、时空演变特征及机制进行分析。结构形态的动态特征表明,一定程度的外在作用力对地理环境基底均衡性产生影响,进而将对Christaller景观产生重大影响;规模等级的动态特征在不同时期遵循严格的规模-位序法则;50 a间,聚落规模总体变化速率基本与历史上的“大事件”一一对应。锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系的演化特征及其机制表明,经典的中心地体系在典型牧区依然受传统因素的影响,而当前对中心地体系影响深刻的信息化、网络化等因素在牧区未产生显著影响。另外,促使聚落体系演变的驱动因素以外因为主,内生动力不足为其主要特征。总体认为,锡林郭勒牧区聚落体系的时空演化特征对蒙古高原人地关系系统的调控与优化具有重要参考价值。     

大连城市绿地可达性对房价影响的差异性分析

研究房价、遥感影像等多源数据,采用邻域分析法和地理加权回归模型分析大连市中山区绿地可达性及其与房价之间的空间相关性。结果表明：① 房价均价14 745.35元/m²,呈环状分布,由沿海向内陆衰减、桂林街道起中心向外围递减;② 研究区内可达性最好的绿地类型是街旁绿地,绿地可达性总体水平最高街道是桂林街道;公园绿地可达性最好的住宅区分布在昆明街道和桃源街道,街旁绿地可达性最好的住宅区分布在桂林街道,附属绿地可达性最好的分布在老虎滩街道,其他绿地可达性最好的分布在桃源街道。③ 不同类型绿地可达性对房价影响作用程度递减排序为：附属绿地、街旁绿地、公园绿地和其他绿地;附属绿地、街旁绿地和其他绿地与房价呈现空间正相关,随着到达绿地距离降低,房价呈现增长趋势;公园绿地与房价呈现负相关,随着到达公园绿地的距离降低,房价呈现衰减趋势。