商洛市水源涵养服务功能空间格局与影响因素

以商洛市为例,利用InVEST产水量模型和多年平均涵养水量模型,以参数本地化、实地率定和结果验证,对该区水源涵养功能的空间格局分异规律及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：① 商洛市水源涵养总量为27.48×10⁸m3/a,水源涵养能力为324.85 mm。五大流域水源涵养功能依次为旬河>乾佑河>金钱河>丹江>洛河。② 气候因素对产水能力空间格局影响最大,10 a土地利用变化和下垫面植被、土壤因素则对水源涵养空间异质性影响显著。③ 子流域单元产水能力相关性强的因子为多年平均降水、实际蒸散发和植物可利用水,水源涵养功能关键驱动因子是潜在蒸散量、土壤饱和导水率与森林覆盖率。     

基于移动GIS技术的户外救助系统的设计与实现——以宁海登山步道导航系统为例

为了让户外救助高效可行,本文设计开发了登山步道救助系统。该系统是一个C/S架构的在线App系统,基于ArcGIS和iOS平台,利用GIS、Web Socket等技术构建,实现了实时通信、实时定位、路径实时规划以及实时导航功能,极大地提高了户外救助的效率。     

Improving the extreme rainfall forecast of Typhoon Morakot (2009) by assimilating radar data from Taiwan Island and mainland China

This study examined the impact of an improved initial field through assimilating ground-based radar data from mainland China and Taiwan Island to simulate the long-lasting and extreme rainfall caused by Morakot (2009). The vortex location and the subsequent track analyzed through the radial velocity data assimilation (VDA) are generally consistent with the best track. The initial humidity within the radar detecting region and Morakot’s northward translation speed can be significantly improved by the radar reflectivity data assimilation (ZDA). As a result, the heavy rainfall on both sides of Taiwan Strait can be reproduced with the joint application of VDA and ZDA. Based on sensitivity experiments, it was found that, without ZDA, the simulated storm underwent an unrealistic inward contraction after 12-h integration, due to underestimation of humidity in the global reanalysis, leading to underestimation of rainfall amount and coverage. Without the vortex relocation via VDA, the moister (drier) initial field with (without) ZDA will produce a more southward (northward) track, so that the rainfall location on both sides of Taiwan Strait will be affected. It was further found that the improvement in the humidity field of Morakot is mainly due to assimilation of high-value reflectivity (strong convection) observed by the radars in Taiwan Island, especially at Kenting station. By analysis of parcel trajectories and calculation of water vapor flux divergence, it was also found that the improved typhoon circulation through assimilating radar data can draw more water vapor from the environment during the subsequent simulation, eventually contributing to the extreme rainfall on both sides of Taiwan Strait.     

基于FY-3C/MWTS-II数据估计西北太平洋热带气旋强度

文章利用FY-3C新型微波温度计(MWTS-Ⅱ)数据估计发生在西北太平洋的热带气旋强度。首先对与热带气旋最强暖核位置相重合的通道5~8进行临边订正,取得了较好的效果,订正偏差均小于各通道的探测灵敏度;之后利用热带气旋微波亮温距平分布分析了热带气旋在对流层中、上层的增暖特征,发现热带气旋中心的增暖强度、形状特征与热带气旋的强度相关,强度较强的气旋中心增温较强,其暖核结构清楚而完整;最后利用通道6和通道7最强亮温距平中的最大值建立了热带气旋强度估计模型,独立样本检验的标准偏差为13.0 hPa,进行扫描角度修正后的标准偏差为12.0 hPa,引入纬度因子后的标准偏差为11.1 hPa,估计精度得到一定程度的改善。     

The Effects of Spatial Scale and Aggregation on Food Access Assessment: A Case Study of Tucson,Arizona

Adequate access to healthy food has become a social issue due to the recent Great Recession and heightened levels of unemployment. Geographers have focused their attention on how to accurately evaluate food access and how to identify and delineate food deserts; that is, low-income neighborhoods where affordable and healthy food is lacking or limited. Findings of recent food access studies are, however, dramatically inconsistent. We argue that spatial scale and the level of aggregation used in constructing food access measures could account for a major portion of the varying results. We draw on an empirical study in the Tucson, Arizona, metropolitan area, to examine how varying geographic scales and aggregation methods affect food access assessment. We also provide an analysis to show how spatial scale and aggregation practices lead to inconsistent conclusions about food access and designation of food deserts.     

哈尔滨市城乡结合部不透水面时空变化及驱动力分析

本文选取哈尔滨市城乡结合部为研究区,以1984年、1993年、2002年和2010年的TM影像数据为数据源,利用混合像元分解方法提取了哈尔滨市城乡结合部的不透水面信息。分析了不透水面的时空变化特征。选取坡度、坡向、DEM、距河流距离、距高速公路距离、距铁路距离、距主要路距离和距1984年城区距离8个因子,利用增强回归树法进一步分析了1984-2010年哈尔滨市城乡结合部不透水面扩张的主要影响因素。结果表明：1984年哈尔滨市城乡结合部不透水面所占比例为3.9%、1993年为6.6%、2002年为9.0%、2010年为16.52%。高速公路、铁路、主要路等交通要素带动周边地区的发展,从而导致道路沿线城市扩张速度较快。     

大数据时代的农情监测与预警

农情信息是世界粮农组织、各国政府、粮食贸易企业以及农场管理迫切需要掌握的信息。大数据时代的农情监测与预警正在由模型驱动向数据驱动转变,大数据正逐渐成为监测与预警的核心驱动力。伴随着农情监测与预警大数据的爆炸式增长,大数据与云计算技术的发展为农情监测与预警提供了全新的技术手段。2013年以来,全球农情遥感速报系统(CropWatch)已逐步引入聚类分析、时间序列分析、关联分析、时空变化异常诊断等大数据分析方法,并应用于业务化运行的农情监测与预警中。大数据技术提升了CropWatch的数据挖掘能力,对CropWatch农情监测与预警时空尺度的拓展以及农情监测内容的精细化起到推动作用,促进了面向需求的CropWatch农情信息与预警精准云服务的发展,促成了大数据时代CropWatch农情监测与预警技术体系的升级。未来,大数据时代的农情监测与预警将逐渐向全自动化监测、实时化精准农业管理与智能化信息服务方向发展;通过众源采集技术高效低廉的获取农情观测大数据将成为未来的发展趋势;大数据技术跨领域数据挖掘的能力,使得丰富多元化的跨界信息服务将成为大数据时代农情监测与预警的主流发展方向。大数据时代的CropWatch正在向基于大数据的农情监测与预警系统全速迈进。     

Fusion SST from Infrared and Microwave Measurement of FY-3D MeteorologicalSatellite

Sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the important parameters of global ocean and climate research, whichcan be retrieved by satellite infrared and passive microwave remote sensing instruments. While satellite infrared SST offershigh spatial resolution, it is limited by cloud cover. On the other hand, passive microwave SST provides all-weatherobservation but suffers from poor spatial resolution and susceptibility to environmental factors such as rainfall, coastaleffects, and high wind speeds. To achieve high-precision, comprehensive, and high-resolution SST data, it is essential tofuse infrared and microwave SST measurements. In this study, data from the Fengyun-3D (FY-3D) medium resolutionspectral imager II (MERSI-II) SST and microwave imager (MWRI) SST were fused. Firstly, the accuracy of both MERSI II SST and MWRI SST was verified, and the latter was bilinearly interpolated to match the 5km resolution grid of MERSISST. After pretreatment and quality control of MERSI SST and MWRI SST, a Piece-Wise Regression method wasemployed to correct biases in MWRI SST. Subsequently, SST data were selected based on spatial resolution and accuracywithin a 3-day window of the analysis date. Finally, an optimal interpolation method was applied to fuse the FY-3DMERSI-II SST and MWRI SST. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in spatial coverage compared toMERSI-II SST and MWRI SST. Furthermore, the fusion SST retained true spatial distribution details and exhibited anaccuracy of –0.12±0.74°C compared to OSTIA SST. This study has improved the accuracy of FY satellite fusion SSTproducts in China.     

辽河口海区悬浮体运移扩散动力特征

控制着辽河口海区悬浮体运移的主要动力是河流迳流、潮流和余流．它们对最大浑浊带中河水与海水的混合，密度流循环以及悬浮物的沉降和运移共同起作用．悬浮物向海运移与河口区最大浑浊带有关，即与河流迳流、潮流和余流作用所控制的悬浮物数量有关。悬浮物向海运移似乎遵循两个周期：１．小潮—大湖周期；２．河流迳流丰枯周期．最大运移发生在大潮期和河流迳流丰水期。